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march 2010 doc id 3579 rev 3 1/16 AN441 application note inductive load contro l with ac switches introduction ac switches are now commonly used as static switches to drive inductive loads such as magnetic transformers, valves, induction motors, etc. this application note describes the particular points to focus on when such loads are controlled by ac switches like triac, acs or acst. for example, there is an explanation of just when a triac has to be triggered to reduce the inrush current at turn on. typical examples are given for magnetrons used in microwave ovens, transformers for selv halogen lamps, and universal motors used in vacuum cleaners. www.st.com
reasons for inrush current in inductive loads AN441 2/16 doc id 3579 rev 3 1 reasons for inrush current in inductive loads 1.1 inrush current due to inductive load behavior many inductive loads are contro lled in full-wave mode. this is the case of valves, pumps, compressors, etc. for these loads, the inrush current greatly depends on turn-on delay at start-up. we do not consider, in this section, the effect of magnetic circuit saturation that could also lead to inrush current increase. refer to section 1.2 for this point. a typical inductive load, controlled by an ac switch, can be simulated using a standard rl circuit ( figure 1 ). figure 1. inductive load control with triac according to figure 1 , the ac load current i(t) is define by equation 1 . equation 1 considering the circuit in sinusoidal full-wave mode, with turn on at zero mains voltage, the value of inrush current is: equation 2 in case of a delay applied between zero voltage and triac triggering in the first half-cycle (assuming following cycles are in full-wave mode), the value of inrush current is: equation 3 where t 0 is the triggering delay at the first turn on r t v main l i(t) u(t) dt (t) di l (t) ri u(t) + = () () () ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? + ? + = ? t sin r t cos l e l r l 2 u i(t) t l r 2 2 rms () () () () () () () () ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? + + + ? + = ? 0 0 t l r 0 0 2 2 rms 0 t t sin r t t cos l - e t sin r t cos l r l 2 u ) t i(t,
AN441 reasons for inrush current in inductive loads doc id 3579 rev 3 3/16 these two equations show that, when the inductive load is switched on in full-wave, the transient current depends on the triac first turn-on delay with respect to the mains voltage zero point. figure 2 shows the load current curve for triggering at zero voltage and triggering at the peak mains voltage. this figure comes from pspice simulation for a 150 ohm and 5 h load switched on at a voltage of 230 v rms at 50 hz. triggering at zero voltage brings the highest inrush current which can be up to twice the peak current reached in case of triggering at peak voltage. figure 2. inrush current difference according to triac first turn-on delay due to this high peak current, two problems may occur at ac switch level. high peak current may be higher than i tsm value (maximum surge peak current). in this case the component can be damaged. ac switch temperature may exceed the maximum allowed junction temperature (this will not lead necessarily to device failure but electrical parameters are not anymore guaranteed if working temperature is above max allowed value). inrush currents have also to be checked to fit electromagnetic co mpatibility standards. actually, iec 61000-3-3 standard make it mandatory to limit inrush currents of appliances connected to the power network to reduce the flickering effect on lighting. it should also be noted that re ducing inrush current helps to incr ease the reliability of the load and other switches or breakers used in series with the load. 1.2 magnetic core saturation due to remanent induction in transient operation, the induction can follow a different path and reach the saturation value bs for which the magnetic field h increases very rapidly even for a low induction variation (see figure 3 ). at saturation level the magnet ic material permeability decreases drastically, down to air permeability. this leads to a lower inductance va lue. the load current is then mainly limited by the load resistance, and can increase substantially. saturation then leads to a high increase of the coil current. -400 -300 -200 -100 0 100 200 300 400 0 20406080100 time (ms) current (ma) -400 -300 -200 -100 0 100 200 300 400 mains voltage (v) turn-on at zero crossing turn-on at peak mains voltage mains voltage
reasons for inrush current in inductive loads AN441 4/16 doc id 3579 rev 3 figure 3. magnetic field h versus induction b (continuous rating) according to equation 2 , at start up at zero voltage the current is higher (longer time to integrate voltage and so higher induction reached in the 1st cycle) and so there is a higher risk of reaching magnetic core saturation. also a second phenomenon can increase risk of saturation. this phenomenon is due to remanent induction. the remanent induction (refer to b r in figure 3. ), corresponds to the point where h equals 0. if a positive voltage is applied from a point where there is a positive remanent induction , the induction will start to increase from a higher initial value, so will reach saturation faster (refer to appendix 1 for further explanation on this phenomenon). to avoid this phenomenon in circuits controlled by an ac switch, device switch on has to be implemented on the reverse polarity according to previous switch off. figure 4 shows two different test results carried out on a 200 va 230 v to 12 v transformer. curve a shows the current waveform, recorded after a previous identical current waveform. the particularity of this waveform is that the first half-cycle conduc tion is in the same polarity as the previous one. in this case the transformer reaches saturation very rapidly and the transformer behaves like a short circuit. the peak current is limited only by the series resistance of the transformer. curve b shows the same recording but here wit h the first half-cycle conduction in reverse polarity compared to the last one. these two curves clearly show that saturation is reached in case a due to previous conduction. then load current can be approximately eight times higher than if care is taken to always trigger the device for an integer value of full-cycle periods. b t b ( t ) h b s b r t i(t) t
AN441 ac switch control with an inductive load doc id 3579 rev 3 5/16 figure 4. last turn-off polarity influence on the next turn on 2 ac switch control with an inductive load 2.1 latching current the latching current i l of a triac is the minimum value of the load current (circulating through terminals a2 and a1), to keep the device conducting when the gate signal is removed. diagram a in figure 5 shows a bad triac turn on due to too short gate pulse width and diagram b in figure 5 shows a good triac turn on. the pulse width is sufficiently large so that the current i(t) reach the latching current. see application note an303 for more information. for inductive loads, as the current rate of increase is limited by the inductance, care has to be taken to have a large enough gate pulse width to reach i l (refer to section 2.2 ). figure 5. latching current of the ac switch 8.75 a a 1.16 a b i(t) i g i l t t i(t) i i l t t b a i(t) i i t t i(t) i g i t t
ac switch control with an inductive load AN441 6/16 doc id 3579 rev 3 2.2 gate control for full-wave operation 2.2.1 gate current pulse width gate current pulse width must be set up to reach the required i l value. to avoid a break in the current waveform at zero point, holding current also has to be taken into consideration (see application note an302 for a definition of i h ). pulse width is given by equation 4 . equation 4 to reduce the pulse width duration, a mo re sensitive triac could also be used. 2.2.2 gate current synchronization with mains voltage in case of inductive load, the current is lagging regarding to the mains voltage. this is why, in case of control by gate current pulse, the gate pulse has to be applied with a delay after each line zero voltage point which approximately equals the current-voltage phase shift (as shown on figure 6 ) figure 6. triac pulse width synchronization in case the zero line voltage event is not sensed by the triac control circuit or no timer is available to manage triggering times, one solution is to apply a dc gate current. in this case the average current consumption for the powe r supply will be higher. but today more and more switching mode power supplies (smps) are used offering a higher output current capability. ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? + ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? > ipeak i arcsin 1 ipeak i arcsin 1 t max l max h p u(t) i(t) i l i g delayed time
AN441 ac switch control with an inductive load doc id 3579 rev 3 7/16 if a power supply with redu ced output current capability is us ed (for example, the case with capacitive or resistive power supplies), a solution to reduce the gate current average value is to apply a high-frequency (several kilohertz) burst to the gate. this solution allows reduction of triac off time that occurs after current has reached zero and before a new gate current pulse (coming with the hi gh-frequency burst) is applie d. this maximum off time will then approximately equal (at worst case) to one gate-burst period (see application note an308). 2.3 inrush current limitation to limit the inductive load inrush current, triggering at peak mains voltage could reduce the peak current as previously shown. also, especially for transformers, it is better to ensure that the device is switched-on at a different polarity compared to last half-cycle conduction (refer to section 1.2 ). but this triggering method will only be efficient in applicati ons where the in rush current comes from inductive part of the load or from core saturation. this is mainly the case with transformers or valves. the inrush current period usually lasts less than 100 ms. for other applications, the inrush current could also come from other phenomenon. low-resistance value at start-up (cold filament of incandescent lamp) high starting torque (induction motors used in compressors) low back emf at zero speed, i.e. at start-up (universal motor or permanent-magnets induction motors used in pump applications) for these applications, the inrush current can last up to 500 ms. as the inrush current is not only due to the behavior of the inductive part of the load, the problem cannot be resolved just by triggering the triac at peak voltage for the 1st half-cycle and then control it in full wave-mode. the solution consists of implementing a soft start by progressively increasing the conduction angle of the ac switch. this solution allows the maximum current at turn on to be limited to a value near to the steady state. this brings the following benefits: lower rate of rise of temperature for th e device and so better device reliability compliance with the iec 61000-3-3 lower peak curr ent and so better load reliability
typical examples of inrush current reduction AN441 8/16 doc id 3579 rev 3 3 typical examples of in rush current reduction 3.1 magnetron in microwave oven the magnetron of a microwave oven is generally supplied by rectified high voltage obtained through a 50/60 hz transformer. the power supplied to the oven is controlled by a triac in series with the primary winding of the transformer (see figure 7 ). figure 7. typical circuit of a magnetron controlled by a triac the power to be controlled is typically between 1 to 2 kw and the nominal rms current is in the range of 10 to 20 a according to the line voltage. the inrush current comes from the magnetizing current through the transformer at turn on. due to the high inductance of this transformer this overcurrent can reach a peak value up to 4 to 20 times the steady state value. the high peak current at turn on as shown in figure 8 can damage an 8 a triac as it is close to i tsm value (max surge peak current, 80 a for example for a bta08 device). figure 8. overcurrent at microwave oven switch on v mains hv 21 a 80 a i t (20a/ div ) i t (20a/ div ) firing at zero mains voltage firing at peak mains voltage i t (20a/ div ) i t (20a/ div )
AN441 typical examples of inrush current reduction doc id 3579 rev 3 9/16 triac turn on at peak mains voltage allows the reduction of the peak inrush current by 75% compared to a zero voltage switch on as shown in figure 8. the reduction of first peak current allows: ? use of a lower triac range (lower i t(rms) range), ? safer margin for the triac (i tsm ). 3.2 transformer for lighting a triac could be used to dim selv (safety extra low voltage) halogen lamps. in this case the lamps are connected at the secondary winding of a 220 v to 12 v step-down transformer. the triac is then connected on this transformer in series with the primary winding ( figure 9 ). the power applied to the lamp is controlled by the variation of the conducting angle of the triac and allows dimming the brightness of the lamp. figure 9. typical schematic of a light dimmer for selv halogen lamps like microwave oven transformers, transformers for lighting application present an overcurrent if they are switched on at zero voltage due to magnetizing current. this inrush current is increas ed if the lamp filament is cold. filament resistance decreases when the temperature decreases. the high current due to the cold filament effect could cause transformer magnetic core saturation, which then drastically increases the primary winding inrush current. to reduce the inrush current, an appropriate triggering needs to be used. ta b l e 1 shows different halogen lamp test results used with a transformer. the table shows that the maximum peak current is lower when the load is triggered at zero current. indeed the ratio between peak current at zero voltage and at peak voltage triggering is in the range of 2 to 4. it should also be noted that, in case of triggering at peak voltage, some transformers (transformer 1 and 2) have a peak inrush current close to 13 times the steady state peak current whereas others feature a ratio lower than 7 (transformer 3). this is linked to the low-saturation level of some low-quality transformers. v mains
typical examples of inrush current reduction AN441 10/16 doc id 3579 rev 3 3.3 induction motor induction motors or universal motors are today widely used in home appliances for applications as such as vacuum cleaners, washing machines, blenders, and fridge compressors. the typical load power is in the range of 100 to 3000 w. these motors present a very high inrush current due to the inductive current in case of turn on at zero voltage. this inrush current is also increased in the case of a universal motor as the back emf is zero at zero speed. for zero speed the line current will then be limit ed only by motor winding inductance and resistance, but not by the back emf that can reach 10 to 50% of line voltage. so applying the whol e line voltage at motor start-up will cause a much higher current than applying the same voltage when the motor is running at full speed. a better solution is to implement a soft-start. this consists of progressively increasing the conducting angle of the ac switch. figure 10. over current at triac turn on for universal motor table 1. halogen lamp test through a transformer turn-on moment output power (12 v halogen lamps) inrush current i peak i rms transformer 1 150 - 300 va zvs 275 w 17.52 a 1.26 a zcs 275 w 8.65 a 1.26 a transformer 2 100 - 210 va zvs 200 w 20.32 a 1.3 a zcs 200 w 5.32 a 1.3 a transformer 3 200 va zvs 200 w 7.48 a 1.12 a zcs 200 w 2.83 a 1.12 a -80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 time (ms) with soft start without soft start i(a)
AN441 typical examples of inrush current reduction doc id 3579 rev 3 11/16 figure 10 show an example of triac switching on a 2200 w universal motor with or without soft start. the difference is very clear, the current reaches a peak current up to 60 a without soft start while it reaches 10 a with soft start. this current reduction has a direct impact in the ac switch maximum junction temperature as shown in figure 11 with a t1050h triac. the use of soft start at motor start-up allows: lower junction temperature ? better temperature operation margin leading to increased lifetime for the ac switch ? use of lower ac switch range lower peak load current ? lower load current stress, so appliance reliability increases figure 11. junction temperature rise for triac t1050h for universal motor 124.2 c without soft start with soft start 78 c time (s) t (c) j 0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 80 130 120 100 65 t1 j a t2 j a
conclusion AN441 12/16 doc id 3579 rev 3 4 conclusion ac switches are widely used to drive inductive loads. with inductive loads, triggering synchronization with line voltage has a high impact on the inrush peak current and needs to be controlled to minimize the first peak current and reduce the maximum junction temperature. peak-voltage triggering or soft start solution allows inrush current reduction and the maximum junction temperature to be considerably reduced.
AN441 b max calculation for remanent induction doc id 3579 rev 3 13/16 appendix a b max calculation for remanent induction the winding is supplied by an alternating mains voltage ?u(t)? given by equation 5 . equation 5 according to the laws of lenz and faraday, we have equation 6 , equation 7 and equation 8 . equation 6 with: = flux b = induction n = spires number (spires number of the primary for a transformer) s = section area for magnetic material then, induction versus time is: equation 7 equation 8 we consider the case where the triac is first triggered at mains zero voltage. we can distinguish two cases: case 1 winding is switched on whereas a remanent positive induction remains on magnetic core. according to equation 8 , for t = 0, we have: equation 9 so equation 10 so the maximum induction will be: b max = 2b n +b r t) sin( 2 u u(t) = dt db ns dt d ? n u(t) = = )dt t sin( n.s 2 u b(t) = ns 2 u b with 0 b ) 2 e t sin( n b b(t) n = + ? = r n 0 r 0 n b b b b b b b(0) + = = + ? = r b n b ) 2 e t sin( n b b(t) + + ? = ?
b max calculation for remanent induction AN441 14/16 doc id 3579 rev 3 case 2 winding is switched on whereas a remanent negative induction remains on magnetic core. according to equation 8 , for t = 0, we have then: equation 11 so equation 12 so the maximum induction will be: b max = 2b n - b r figure 12 shows the maximum induction difference between two triggering methods according to previous remanent induction. when the first half-cycle conduction is the same polarity as the previous one, the induction reaches a maximum which can be the double of the induction when triggering in reverse polarity compared to remanent induction. in the first case saturation can be reached very rapidly and the load behaves like a short circuit. the peak current is limited only by the series resistance of the load. such phenomenon mainly occurs with transformers where the remanent induction can be very high. figure 12. induction at beginning of conduction according to remanent induction r n 0 r 0 n b b b b b b b(0) ? = ? = + ? = r b n b ) 2 e t sin( n b b(t) ? + ? = ?
AN441 revision history doc id 3579 rev 3 15/16 revision history table 2. document revision history date revision changes may-1992 1 initial release. 10-may-2004 2 style sheet update. no content change 09-mar-2010 3 all technical content revised and material from an307 included.
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