csm_d4mc_ds_e_2_1 1 enclosed switch d4mc economical, high utility enclosed switch ? enclosed switches with built-in basic switches for high repeatability and durability of 10 million operations minimum. ? panel mount versions have the same operating position as z basic switch. ? suitable for applications demanding higher mechanical strength, dustproof and drip-proof properties than those on basic switches. ? resin molded terminal versions are available. ? approved by ul, csa, and ccc (chinese standard). (ask your omron representative for information on approved models.) be sure to read safety precautions on page 5 and safety precautions for all limit switches . model number structure model number legend d4mc- (1) (1) actuator 5000: panel mount plunger 5020: panel mount roller plunger 5040: panel mount crossroller plunger 1000: hinge lever 1020: short hinge lever 2000: hinge roller lever 2020: short hinge roller lever 3030: one-way action short hinge roller lever ordering information note: 1. use switches with molded terminals in locations subject to dirt, dust, oil drops, or high humidity. models are available with lead wires on the right, on the left, and from the bottom. 2. contact your omron representative for information on models certified for international standards. specifications approved standards note: ask your omron representative for information on approved models. * ul certified for csa c22.2 no. 14. actuator model panel mount plunger d4mc-5000 panel mount roller plunger d4mc-5020 panel mount crossroller plunger d4mc-5040 hinge lever d4mc-1000 short hinge lever d4mc-1020 hinge roller lever d4mc-2000 short hinge roller lever D4MC-2020 one-way action short hinge roller lever d4mc-3030 agency standard file no. ul * ul508, csa c22.2 no.14 e76675 ccc(cqc) gb14048.5 2003010303077627
2 d4mc ratings note: 1. the above figures are for steady-state currents. 2. inductive loads have a power factor of 0.4 min. (ac) and a time constant of 7 ms max. (dc). 3. lamp load has an inrush current of 10 times the steady-state current. 4. motor load has an inrush current of 6 times the steady-state current. 5. the above ratings were tested under the following conditions. (1) ambient temperature: +20 2 c (2) ambient humidity: 65 5%rh (3) operating frequency: 20 operations/min approved standard ratings ul/csa a300 en60947-5-1 ccc (gb14048.5) characteristics *1. only for models with plungers. (contact your omron representative for information on other models.) *2. less than 1 ms under a free state at the operating limits. engineering data electrical durability mechanical durability (d4mc-5000) structure and nomenclature rated voltage non-inductive load (a) inductive load (a) resistive load lamp load inductive load motor load nc no nc no nc no nc no 125 vac 250 vac 480 vac 10 10 3 3 2.5 1.5 1.5 1.25 0.75 10 10 2.5 5 3 1.5 2.5 1.5 0.75 8 vdc 14 vdc 30 vdc 125 vdc 250 vdc 10 10 6 0.5 0.25 3 3 3 0.4 0.2 1.5 1.5 1.5 0.4 0.2 6 6 5 0.05 0.03 5 5 5 0.05 0.03 2.5 2.5 2.5 0.05 0.03 inrush current nc 30 a max. no 15 a max. rated voltage carry current current (a) volt-amperes (va) make break make break 120 vac 10a 60 6 7,200 720 240 vac 30 3 applicable category and ratings ac-12 10 a/250 vac degree of protection ip67 durability mechanical 10,000,000 operations min. electrical 500,000 operations min. operating speed 0.05 mm/s to 0.5 m/s * 1 operating frequency mechanical 120 operations/min electrical 20 operations/min rated frequency 50/60 hz insulation resistance 100 m ? min. (at 500 vdc) contact resistance 15 m ? max. (initial value for the built-in switch when tested alone) dielectric strength between terminals of the same polarity 1,000 vac, 50/60 hz for 1 min between each terminal and non-current-carrying part 2,000 vac, 50/60 hz for 1 min rated insulation voltage (ui) 1,000 vac pollution degree (operating environment) 3 (iec947-5-1) protection against electric shock class ii pti (tracking characteristics) 175 switch category d (iec335) rated operating current (ie) 10 a rated operating voltage (ue) 250 vac vibration resistance malfunction 10 to 55 hz, 1.5-mm double amplitude * 2 shock resistance destruction 1,000 m/s 2 min. malfunction 100 m/s 2 min. * 1 * 2 ambient operating temperature ? 10 c to +80 c (with no icing) ambient operating humidity 35% to 95%rh weight approx. 71 g (in case of panel mount plunger) 10,000 7,000 3,000 5,000 1,000 700 500 300 70 30 10 50 024681012 switching current (a) durability (x 10 4 operations) operating temperature: +20 2 c operating humidity: 65 5%rh operating frequency: 20 operations/min 125 vac cos =1 125 vac cos =0.4 250 vac cos =1 250 vac cos =0.4 100 operating temperature: +20 2 c operating humidity: 65 5%rh no load operating frequency: 120 operations/min ot (mm) 0.01 0.02 0.05 0.1 0.2 0.5 1 2 5 10 10,000 5,000 2,000 1,000 500 200 100 durability (x 10 4 operations) structure changing the terminal protective cover around allows the cable to be pulled out from either the right or the left. m4 binding head screws (with toothed washers) are used as the terminal screws. roller case built-in switch seal rubber normally closed terminal (nc) normally open terminal (no) common terminal (com) terminal protective cover pushbutton contact form (com) 1 2 (nc) 4 (no)
3 d4mc dimensions and operating characteristics (unit: mm) note: 1. unless otherwise specified, a tolerance of 0.4 mm applies to all dimensions. 2. operating characteristics are for when the switch is operated from direction a. 3. make sure that the permissible ot position is not exceeded. operating characteristics model d4mc-5000 d4mc-5020 d4mc-5040 d4mc-1000 d4mc-1020 d4mc-2000 operating force release force pretravel overtravel movement differential of rf pt ot md max. min. max. min. max. 5.88 n 0.98 n 1.6 mm 5 mm 0.2 mm 5.88 n 0.98 n 1.6 mm 5 mm 0.2 mm 5.88 n 0.98 n 1.6 mm 5 mm 0.2 mm 1.67 n 0.25 n --- 4 mm 3 mm 2.55 n 0.34 n --- 2.5 mm 1.7 mm 1.96 n 0.39 n --- 5 mm 3 mm free position operating position fp op max. --- 21.8 1.2 mm --- 33.4 1.2 mm --- 33.4 1.2 mm 36 mm 25 1 mm 33 mm 25 1mm 51 mm 40 1 mm 22 max. 25 op pt 23.3 16 dia. 53.4 *1 m12 1 mounting screw two hexagon nuts *3 14 25.4 0.15 two, 4.3 0.1 dia. mounting holes seal rubber (nbr) (21 21) 21.7 terminal protective cover 15 23 (10) 55 7 15.8 *2 18.3 8.4 dia. a *1. stainless steel plunger *2. the length of the imperfect threads is 1.5 mm maximum. *3. thickness: 3 width: 17 panel mount plunger d4mc-5000 note: do not use the m12 mounting screw and the case mounting hole at the same time. 22 max. op pt 23.3 16 dia. 53.4 12.7 dia. x 5 *1 m12 x 1 mounting screw two hexagon nuts *3 14 25.4 0.15 (21 x 21) 21.7 15 23 (10) 55 7 15.5 *2 18.3 a 25 seal rubber (nbr) tw o, 4 . 3 0.1 dia. mounting holes terminal protective cover *1. stainless steel plunger *2. the length of the imperfect threads is 1.5 mm maximum. *3. thickness: 3 width: 17 panel mount roller plunger d4mc-5020 note: do not use the m12 mounting screw and the case mounting hole at the same time. 22 max. op pt 23.3 16 dia. 53.4 12.7 dia. 5 *1 m12 1 mounting screw two hexagon nuts *3 14 25.4 0.15 (21 21) 21.7 15 23 (10) 55 7 15.5 *2 18.3 a 25 seal rubbe r (nbr) terminal protective cover two, 4.3 0.1 dia. mounting holes *1. stainless steel plunger *2. the length of the imperfect threads is 1.5 mm maximum. *3. thickness: 3 width: 17 23.3 15.5 18.3 panel mount crossroller plunger d4mc-5040 note: do not use the m12 mounting screw and the case mounting hole at the same time. hinge lever d4mc-1000 22 max. 34.7 72.7r t=1 * 53.4 14 25.4 0.15 (21 21) 21.7 15 19.5 6.4 (10) 55 7 22.5 26.5 18.3 fp op a seal rubbe r (nbr) * stainless steel lever terminal protective cover two, 4.3 0.1 dia. mounting holes short hinge lever d4mc-1020 22 max. 34.7 48.6r t=1 * 53.4 14 (21 21) 21.7 * stainless steel lever 15 19.5 (10) 55 7 22.5 18.3 fp op a 6.4 26.5 seal rubbe r (nbr) 25.4 0.15 terminal protective cover two, 4.3 0.1 dia. mounting holes 22 max. 34.7 63.7r t=1 *1 53.4 14 (21 21) 21.7 15 19.5 (10) 55 7 22.5 18.3 fp 12.7 dia. 7.5 *2 op a 26.5 seal rubbe r (nbr) 25.4 0.15 terminal protective cover two, 4.3 0.1 dia. mounting holes *1. stainless steel lever *2. plastic roller hinge roller lever d4mc-2000
4 d4mc note: 1. unless otherwise specified, a tolerance of 0.4 mm applies to all dimensions. 2. operating characteristics are for when the switch is operated from direction a. 3. make sure that the permissible ot position is not exceeded. molded terminal models (not approved by ul, csa, or en) use switches with molded terminals in loca tions subject to dirt, dust, oil drops, or high humidity. molded terminals are available with all d4mc models. dimensions and operating characteristics are the same as the basic models. suffix by location of lead outlet note: to form the model numbers for molded terminals models, add the numbers 1 to 3 in the table above to the end of the model number in ordering information on page 1. leads supplied note: add the vct length to the end of the model number when ordering. consult with your omron representative for other types of lead wires and for lead wires longer than 3 m. how to order terminal protective cover, seal rubber, and rubber packing (the switch is equipped with these 3 items as a standard.) ? zc terminal cover (product code: zc55-0002h) ? zc seal rubber (product code: sc-1404c) ? zc rubber packing (product code: zc55-0003f) operating characteristics model D4MC-2020 d4mc-3030 operating force release force pretravel overtravel movement differential of max. rf mim. pt max. ot min. md max . 2.94 n 0.39 n --- 2 mm 1.5 mm 2.94 n 0.39 n --- 2 mm 1.5 mm free position operating position fp max. op 47 mm 40 1 mm 57.2 mm 50 1 mm 22 max. 34.7 41r t=1 *1 53.4 14 seal rubbe r (nbr) (21 21) 21.7 15 19.5 (10) 55 22.5 18.3 fp 12.7 dia. 7.5 *2 op a 26.5 7 25.4 0.15 terminal protective cover two, 4.3 0.1 dia. mounting holes *1. stainless steel lever *2. plastic roller short hinge roller lever D4MC-2020 22 max. 26.5 34.7 46.6r t=1 *1 53.4 14 seal rubbe r (nbr) (21 21) 21.7 terminal protective cover two, 4.3 0.1 dia. mounting holes *1. stainless steel lever *2. plastic roller 15 19.5 (10) 55 7 22.5 18.3 fp 12.7 dia. 7.5 *2 op a angle of roller swing: 90 25.4 0.15 one-way action short hinge roller lever d4mc-3030 (1) (3) (2) location of lead outlet (refer to left figure) model com, nc, and no (1) right-hand (2) left-hand (3) underside d4mc- @@@ 1 d4mc- @@@ 2 d4mc- @@@ 3 leads specifications nominal cross-sec- tional area mm 2 external diameter mm terminal connections cable length m v.c.t. (vinyl cabtire cable) 1.25 3 conductor 10.5 dia. black: com white: no red: nc 1, 3 e xamp l e: standard type: d4mc-5020 location of lead outlet: underside length of lead: 1 m (v.c.t. lead) when placing your order for the above switch specify the model number as d4mc-5023 vct 1m rubber packing terminal cover seal rubber
5 d4mc safety precautions refer to safety precautions for all limit switches . operating environment ? seal material may deteriorate if a switch is used outdoor or where subject to special cutting oils, so lvents, or chemicals. always appraise performance under act ual application conditions and set suitable maintenance and replacement periods. ? install switches where they will not be directly subject to cutting chips, dust, or dirt. the actuator and switch must also be protected from the accumulation of cutting chips or sludge. ? constantly subjecting a switch to vibration or shock can result in wear, which can lead to contact interference with contacts, operation failure, reduced dur ability, and other problems. excessive vibration or shock can l ead to false contact operation or damage. install switches in lo cations not subject to shock and vibration and in orientations that will not produce resonance. ? the switches have physical contac ts. using them in environments containing silicon gas wi ll result in the formation of silicon oxide (sio 2 ) due to arc energy. if silicon oxide accumulates on the contacts, contact interference can oc cur. if silicon oil, silicon filling agents, silicon cables, or other sili con products are present near the switch, suppress arcing with cont act protective circuits (surge killers) or remove the source of silicon gas. operating excessive dog angle, operating speed, or overtravel (ot) may damage the actuator. check that ot has a sufficient margin. the actual ot should be rated ot 0.7 to 1. handling ? do not expose the switch to water exceeding +60 c or use it in steam. ? do not use the switch in oil or water. ? an 8.5-dia. to 10.5-dia. cable c an be applied as seal rubber for the lead wire outlet. (use two- or three-core cable of vct1.25 mm 2 .) ? when detaching the terminal pr otective cover, insert a screwdriver and apply a force in the opening direction. do not use excess force to remove the cover. doing so may cause deformation in the fitting section and reduce the holding force. ? when mounting the terminal protective cover to the case, align the cover on the case and then press the cover down to mount it firmly. if the cover is pressed down in an inclined position, rubber packing will deform and thus affect the sealing capability. mounting ? when mounting the switch with screws on a side surface, fasten the switch with m4 screws and us e washers, spring washers, etc., to ensure secure mounting. ? when mounting the panel mount-type switch (d4mc-5000, d4mc- 5020, or d4mc-5040) with screws on a side surface, remove the hexagonal nuts from the actuator. ? when mounting the panel mount type on a panel, be careful not to tighten to an excessive torque. tigh tening the screws to a torque exceeding 4.91 n m will cause the plunger to fail. tightening torque a loose screw may cause malfunc tions. be sure to tighten each screw to the proper tightening to rque as shown in the table. precautions for use not suitable suitable no. type appropriate tightening torque (1) terminal screw 0.78 to 1.18 n m (2) panel mounting screw 2.94 to 4.92 n m (3) side mounting screw 1.18 to 1.47 n m rubber packing rubber packing tw o , 4.3-dia. o r m4 sc r e w h o l es 2 5 . 4 mounting holes 12.5 +0.2 0 dia. 12.5 +0.2 0 dia. 5 +0.2 0 13 +0.2 0 d4mc-5000 d4mc-5020, d4mc-5040 mounting hole dimensions
r e a d a n d u n d e r s t a n d t h i s c a t a l o g p l e a s e r e a d a n d u n d e r s t a n d t h i s c a t a l o g b e f o r e p u r c h a s i n g t h e p r o d u c t s . p l e a s e c o n s u l t y o u r o m r o n r e p r e s e n t a t i v e i f y o u h a v e a n y q u e s t i o n s o r c o m m e n t s . w a r r a n t y a n d l i m i t a t i o n s o f l i a b i l i t y w a r r a n t y o m r o n ' s e x c l u s i v e w a r r a n t y i s t h a t t h e p r o d u c t s a r e f r e e f r o m d e f e c t s i n m a t e r i a l s a n d w o r k m a n s h i p f o r a p e r i o d o f o n e y e a r ( o r o t h e r p e r i o d i f s p e c i f i e d ) f r o m d a t e o f s a l e b y o m r o n . o m r o n m a k e s n o w a r r a n t y o r r e p r e s e n t a t i o n , e x p r e s s o r i m p l i e d , r e g a r d i n g n o n - i n f r i n g e m e n t , m e r c h a n t a b i l i t y , o r f i t n e s s f o r p a r t i c u l a r p u r p o s e o f t h e p r o d u c t s . a n y b u y e r o r u s e r a c k n o w l e d g e s t h a t t h e b u y e r o r u s e r a l o n e h a s d e t e r m i n e d t h a t t h e p r o d u c t s w i l l s u i t a b l y m e e t t h e r e q u i r e m e n t s o f t h e i r i n t e n d e d u s e . o m r o n d i s c l a i m s a l l o t h e r w a r r a n t i e s , e x p r e s s o r i m p l i e d . l i m i t a t i o n s o f l i a b i l i t y o m r o n s h a l l n o t b e r e s p o n s i b l e f o r s p e c i a l , i n d i r e c t , o r c o n s e q u e n t i a l d a m a g e s , l o s s o f p r o f i t s o r c o m m e r c i a l l o s s i n a n y w a y c o n n e c t e d w i t h t h e p r o d u c t s , w h e t h e r s u c h c l a i m i s b a s e d o n c o n t r a c t , w a r r a n t y , n e g l i g e n c e , o r s t r i c t l i a b i l i t y . i n n o e v e n t s h a l l t h e r e s p o n s i b i l i t y o f o m r o n f o r a n y a c t e x c e e d t h e i n d i v i d u a l p r i c e o f t h e p r o d u c t o n w h i c h l i a b i l i t y i s a s s e r t e d . i n n o e v e n t s h a l l o m r o n b e r e s p o n s i b l e f o r w a r r a n t y , r e p a i r , o r o t h e r c l a i m s r e g a r d i n g t h e p r o d u c t s u n l e s s o m r o n ' s a n a l y s i s c o n f i r m s t h a t t h e p r o d u c t s w e r e p r o p e r l y h a n d l e d , s t o r e d , i n s t a l l e d , a n d m a i n t a i n e d a n d n o t s u b j e c t t o c o n t a m i n a t i o n , a b u s e , m i s u s e , o r i n a p p r o p r i a t e m o d i f i c a t i o n o r r e p a i r . a p p l i c a t i o n c o n s i d e r a t i o n s s u i t a b i l i t y f o r u s e o m r o n s h a l l n o t b e r e s p o n s i b l e f o r c o n f o r m i t y w i t h a n y s t a n d a r d s , c o d e s , o r r e g u l a t i o n s t h a t a p p l y t o t h e c o m b i n a t i o n o f p r o d u c t s i n t h e c u s t o m e r ' s a p p l i c a t i o n o r u s e o f t h e p r o d u c t s . a t t h e c u s t o m e r ' s r e q u e s t , o m r o n w i l l p r o v i d e a p p l i c a b l e t h i r d p a r t y c e r t i f i c a t i o n d o c u m e n t s i d e n t i f y i n g r a t i n g s a n d l i m i t a t i o n s o f u s e t h a t a p p l y t o t h e p r o d u c t s . t h i s i n f o r m a t i o n b y i t s e l f i s n o t s u f f i c i e n t f o r a c o m p l e t e d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f t h e s u i t a b i l i t y o f t h e p r o d u c t s i n c o m b i n a t i o n w i t h t h e e n d p r o d u c t , machin e , s y s t e m , o r o t h e r a p p l i c a t i o n o r u s e . t h e f o l l o w i n g a r e s o m e e x a m p l e s o f a p p l i c a t i o n s f o r w h i c h p a r t i c u l a r a t t e n t i o n m u s t b e g i v e n . t h i s i s n o t i n t e n d e d t o b e a n e x h a u s t i v e l i s t o f a l l p o s s i b l e u s e s o f t h e p r o d u c t s , n o r i s i t i n t e n d e d t o i m p l y t h a t t h e u s e s l i s t e d m a y b e s u i t a b l e f o r t h e p r o d u c t s : o u t d o o r u s e , u s e s i n v o l v i n g p o t e n t i a l c h e m i c a l c o n t a m i n a t i o n o r e l e c t r i c a l i n t e r f e r e n c e , o r c o n d i t i o n s o r u s e s n o t d e s c r i b e d i n t h i s c a t a l o g . n u c l e a r e n e r g y c o n t r o l s y s t e m s , c o m b u s t i o n s y s t e m s , r a i l r o a d s y s t e m s , a v i a t i o n s y s t e m s , m e d i c a l e q u i p m e n t , a m u s e m e n t m a c h i n e s , v e h i c l e s , s a f e t y e q u i p m e n t , a n d i n s t a l l a t i o n s s u b j e c t t o s e p a r a t e i n d u s t r y o r g o v e r n m e n t r e g u l a t i o n s . s y s t e m s , m a c h i n e s , a n d e q u i p m e n t t h a t c o u l d p r e s e n t a r i s k t o l i f e o r p r o p e r t y . p l e a s e k n o w a n d o b s e r v e a l l p r o h i b i t i o n s o f u s e a p p l i c a b l e t o t h e p r o d u c t s . n e v e r u s e t h e p r o d u c t s f o r a n a p p l i c a t i o n i n v o l v i n g s e r i o u s r i s k t o l i f e o r p r o p e r t y w i t h o u t e n s u r i n g t h a t t h e s y s t e m a s a w h o l e h a s b e e n d e s i g n e d t o a d d r e s s t h e r i s k s , a n d t h a t t h e o m r o n p r o d u c t s a r e p r o p e r l y r a t e d a n d i n s t a l l e d f o r t h e i n t e n d e d u s e w i t h i n t h e o v e r a l l e q u i p m e n t o r s y s t e m . p r o g r a m m a b l e p r o d u c t s o m r o n s h a l l n o t b e r e s p o n s i b l e f o r t h e u s e r ' s p r o g r a m m i n g o f a p r o g r a m m a b l e p r o d u c t , o r a n y c o n s e q u e n c e t h e r e o f . d i s c l a i m e r s c h a n g e i n s p e c i f i c a t i o n s p r o d u c t s p e c i f i c a t i o n s a n d a c c e s s o r i e s m a y b e c h a n g e d a t a n y t i m e b a s e d o n i m p r o v e m e n t s a n d o t h e r r e a s o n s . i t i s o u r p r a c t i c e t o c h a n g e m o d e l n u m b e r s w h e n p u b l i s h e d r a t i n g s o r f e a t u r e s a r e c h a n g e d , o r w h e n s i g n i f i c a n t c o n s t r u c t i o n c h a n g e s a r e m a d e . h o w e v e r , s o m e s p e c i f i c a t i o n s o f t h e p r o d u c t s m a y b e c h a n g e d w i t h o u t a n y n o t i c e . w h e n i n d o u b t , s p e c i a l m o d e l n u m b e r s m a y b e a s s i g n e d t o f i x o r e s t a b l i s h k e y s p e c i f i c a t i o n s f o r y o u r a p p l i c a t i o n o n y o u r r e q u e s t . p l e a s e c o n s u l t w i t h y o u r o m r o n r e p r e s e n t a t i v e a t a n y t i m e t o c o n f i r m a c t u a l s p e c i f i c a t i o n s o f p u r c h a s e d p r o d u c t s . d i m e n s i o n s a n d w e i g h t s d i m e n s i o n s a n d w e i g h t s a r e n o m i n a l a n d a r e n o t t o b e u s e d f o r m a n u f a c t u r i n g p u r p o s e s , e v e n w h e n t o l e r a n c e s a r e s h o w n . p e r f o r m a n c e d a t a perfor m a n c e d a t a g i v e n i n t h i s c a t a l o g i s p r o v i d e d a s a g u i d e f o r t h e u s e r i n d e t e r m i n i n g s u i t a b i l i t y a n d d o e s n o t c o n s t i t u t e a w a r r a n t y . i t m a y r e p r e s e n t t h e r e s u l t o f o m r o n ? s t e s t c o n d i t i o n s , a n d t h e u s e r s m u s t c o r r e l a t e i t t o a c t u a l a p p l i c a t i o n r e q u i r e m e n t s . a c t u a l p e r f o r m a n c e i s s u b j e c t t o t h e o m r o n w a r r a n t y a n d l i m i t a t i o n s o f l i a b i l i t y . e r r o r s a n d o m i s s i o n s t h e i n f o r m a t i o n i n t h i s d o c u m e n t h a s b e e n c a r e f u l l y c h e c k e d a n d i s b e l i e v e d t o b e a c c u r a t e ; h o w e v e r , n o r e s p o n s i b i l i t y i s a s s u m e d f o r c l e r i c a l , t y p o g r a p h i c a l , o r p r o o f r e a d i n g e r r o r s , o r o m i s s i o n s . 2008 . 1 1 i n t h e i n t e r e s t o f p r o d u c t i m p r o v e m e n t , s p e c i f i c a t i o n s a r e s u b j e c t t o c h a n g e w i t h o u t n o t i c e . o m r o n c o r p o r a t i o n i n d u s t r i a l a u t o m a t i o n c o m p a n y h t t p : / / w w w . i a . o m r o n . c o m / ( c ) c o p y r i g h t o m r o n c o r p o r a t i o n 2 0 0 8 a l l r i g h t r e s e r v e d .
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