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| User's Manual V850E/MS1 , V850E/MS2 32-Bit Single-Chip Microcontrollers Architecture V850E/MS1: PD703100 PD703100A PD703101 PD703101A PD703102 PD703102A PD70F3102 PD70F3102A V850E/MS2: PD703130 TM TM Document No. U12197EJ6V0UM00 (6th edition) Date Published November 2002 N CP(K) 1996 Printed in Japan [MEMO] 2 User's Manual U12197EJ6V0UM NOTES FOR CMOS DEVICES 1 PRECAUTION AGAINST ESD FOR SEMICONDUCTORS Note: Strong electric field, when exposed to a MOS device, can cause destruction of the gate oxide and ultimately degrade the device operation. Steps must be taken to stop generation of static electricity as much as possible, and quickly dissipate it once, when it has occurred. Environmental control must be adequate. When it is dry, humidifier should be used. It is recommended to avoid using insulators that easily build static electricity. Semiconductor devices must be stored and transported in an anti-static container, static shielding bag or conductive material. All test and measurement tools including work bench and floor should be grounded. The operator should be grounded using wrist strap. Semiconductor devices must not be touched with bare hands. Similar precautions need to be taken for PW boards with semiconductor devices on it. 2 HANDLING OF UNUSED INPUT PINS FOR CMOS Note: No connection for CMOS device inputs can be cause of malfunction. If no connection is provided to the input pins, it is possible that an internal input level may be generated due to noise, etc., hence causing malfunction. CMOS devices behave differently than Bipolar or NMOS devices. Input levels of CMOS devices must be fixed high or low by using a pull-up or pull-down circuitry. Each unused pin should be connected to VDD or GND with a resistor, if it is considered to have a possibility of being an output pin. All handling related to the unused pins must be judged device by device and related specifications governing the devices. 3 STATUS BEFORE INITIALIZATION OF MOS DEVICES Note: Power-on does not necessarily define initial status of MOS device. Production process of MOS does not define the initial operation status of the device. Immediately after the power source is turned ON, the devices with reset function have not yet been initialized. Hence, power-on does not guarantee out-pin levels, I/O settings or contents of registers. Device is not initialized until the reset signal is received. Reset operation must be executed immediately after power-on for devices having reset function. V800 Series, V850 Series, V850/SA1, V850/SB1, V850/SB2, V850/SC1, V850/SC2, V850/SC3, V850/SF1, V850/SV1, V850E/IA1, V850E/IA2, V850E/MA1, V850E/MA2, V850E/MS1, V850E/MS2, V851, V852, V853, V854, and IEBus are trademarks of NEC Electronics Corporation. Windows is either a registered trademark or a trademark of Microsoft Corporation in the United States and/or other countries. User's Manual U12197EJ6V0UM 3 These commodities, technology or software, must be exported in accordance with the export administration regulations of the exporting country. Diversion contrary to the law of that country is prohibited. * The information in this document is current as of August, 2002. The information is subject to change without notice. For actual design-in, refer to the latest publications of NEC Electronics data sheets or data books, etc., for the most up-to-date specifications of NEC Electronics products. Not all products and/or types are available in every country. Please check with NEC Electronics sales representative for availability and additional information. * No part of this document may be copied or reproduced in any form or by any means without prior written consent of NEC Electronics. NEC Electronics assumes no responsibility for any errors that may appear in this document. * NEC Electronics does not assume any liability for infringement of patents, copyrights or other intellectual property rights of third parties by or arising from the use of NEC Electronics products listed in this document or any other liability arising from the use of such NEC Electronics products. No license, express, implied or otherwise, is granted under any patents, copyrights or other intellectual property rights of NEC Electronics or others. * Descriptions of circuits, software and other related information in this document are provided for illustrative purposes in semiconductor product operation and application examples. The incorporation of these circuits, software and information in the design of customer's equipment shall be done under the full responsibility of customer. NEC Electronics assumes no responsibility for any losses incurred by customers or third parties arising from the use of these circuits, software and information. * While NEC Electronics endeavors to enhance the quality, reliability and safety of NEC Electronics products, customers agree and acknowledge that the possibility of defects thereof cannot be eliminated entirely. To minimize risks of damage to property or injury (including death) to persons arising from defects in NEC Electronics products, customers must incorporate sufficient safety measures in their design, such as redundancy, fire-containment and anti-failure features. * NEC Electronics products are classified into the following three quality grades: "Standard", "Special" and "Specific". The "Specific" quality grade applies only to NEC Electronics products developed based on a customerdesignated "quality assurance program" for a specific application. The recommended applications of NEC Electronics product depend on its quality grade, as indicated below. Customers must check the quality grade of each NEC Electronics product before using it in a particular application. "Standard": Computers, office equipment, communications equipment, test and measurement equipment, audio and visual equipment, home electronic appliances, machine tools, personal electronic equipment and industrial robots. "Special": Transportation equipment (automobiles, trains, ships, etc.), traffic control systems, anti-disaster systems, anti-crime systems, safety equipment and medical equipment (not specifically designed for life support). "Specific": Aircraft, aerospace equipment, submersible repeaters, nuclear reactor control systems, life support systems and medical equipment for life support, etc. The quality grade of NEC Electronics products is "Standard" unless otherwise expressly specified in NEC Electronics data sheets or data books, etc. If customers wish to use NEC Electronics products in applications not intended by NEC Electronics, they must contact NEC Electronics sales representative in advance to determine NEC Electronics's willingness to support a given application. (Note) (1) "NEC Electronics" as used in this statement means NEC Electronics Corporation and also includes its majority-owned subsidiaries. (2) "NEC Electronics products" means any product developed or manufactured by or for NEC Electronics (as defined above). M8E 02. 11 4 User's Manual U12197EJ6V0UM Regional Information Some information contained in this document may vary from country to country. Before using any NEC Electronics product in your application, pIease contact the NEC Electronics office in your country to obtain a list of authorized representatives and distributors. They will verify: * * * * * Device availability Ordering information Product release schedule Availability of related technical literature Development environment specifications (for example, specifications for third-party tools and components, host computers, power plugs, AC supply voltages, and so forth) Network requirements * In addition, trademarks, registered trademarks, export restrictions, and other legal issues may also vary from country to country. NEC Electronics America, Inc. (U.S.) Santa Clara, California Tel: 408-588-6000 800-366-9782 Fax: 408-588-6130 800-729-9288 * Filiale Italiana Milano, Italy Tel: 02-66 75 41 Fax: 02-66 75 42 99 * Branch The Netherlands Eindhoven, The Netherlands Tel: 040-244 58 45 Fax: 040-244 45 80 * Tyskland Filial Taeby, Sweden Tel: 08-63 80 820 Fax: 08-63 80 388 * United Kingdom Branch Milton Keynes, UK Tel: 01908-691-133 Fax: 01908-670-290 NEC Electronics Hong Kong Ltd. Hong Kong Tel: 2886-9318 Fax: 2886-9022/9044 NEC Electronics Hong Kong Ltd. Seoul Branch Seoul, Korea Tel: 02-528-0303 Fax: 02-528-4411 NEC Electronics (Europe) GmbH Duesseldorf, Germany Tel: 0211-65 03 01 Fax: 0211-65 03 327 * Sucursal en Espana Madrid, Spain Tel: 091-504 27 87 Fax: 091-504 28 60 * Succursale Francaise Velizy-Villacoublay, France Tel: 01-30-67 58 00 Fax: 01-30-67 58 99 NEC Electronics Shanghai, Ltd. Shanghai, P.R. China Tel: 021-6841-1138 Fax: 021-6841-1137 NEC Electronics Taiwan Ltd. Taipei, Taiwan Tel: 02-2719-2377 Fax: 02-2719-5951 NEC Electronics Singapore Pte. Ltd. Novena Square, Singapore Tel: 6253-8311 Fax: 6250-3583 J02.11 User's Manual U12197EJ6V0UM 5 Major Revisions in This Edition Page p.60 p.90 p.105 p.110 p.112 p.185 Description Modification of description of CLR1 instruction in 5.3 Instruction Set Modification of description of NOT1 instruction in 5.3 Instruction Set Modification of description of SET1 instruction in 5.3 Instruction Set Modification of description of SLD1 instruction in 5.3 Instruction Set Addition of description of SST instruction in 5.3 Instruction Set Addition of APPENDIX F REVISION HISTORY The mark shows major revised points. 6 User's Manual U12197EJ6V0UM PREFACE Readers This manual is intended for users who wish to understand the functions of the V850E/MS1 and V850E/MS2 for designing systems using the V850E/MS1 and V850E/MS2. The following products are described. * V850E/MS1: PD703100, 703100A, 703101A, 703102, 703102A, 70F3102, * V850E/MS2: Purpose 70F3102A PD703130 This manual presents information on the architecture and instruction set of the V850E/MS1 and V850E/MS2. Organization This manual contains the following information: * Register set * * * * How to Read This Manual Data type Instruction format and instruction set Interrupts and exceptions Pipeline flow It is assumed that the reader of this manual has general knowledge in the fields of electrical engineering, logic circuits, and microcontrollers. To learn about the hardware functions, Read V850E/MS1 Hardware User's Manual and V850E/MS2 Hardware User's Manual. To learn about the functions of a specific instruction in detail, Read CHAPTER 5 INSTRUCTIONS. To learn about the electrical specifications, Read the DATA SHEET of each device. To understand the overall functions of the V850E/MS1 and V850E/MS2, Read this manual in the order of the contents. With the V850E/MS1 and V850E/MS2, data consisting of 2 bytes is called a halfword, and data consisting of 4 bytes is called a word. In this manual, the V850E/MS1 is explained as the typical product unless there are any functional differences. User's Manual U12197EJ6V0UM 7 Conventions Data significance: Active low: Memory map addresses: Note: Caution: Remark: Numeric representation: Higher digits on the left and lower digits on the right xxx (overscore over pin or signal name) Higher addresses on the top and lower addresses on the bottom Footnote for item marked with Note in the text Information requiring particular attention Supplementary information Binary ... xxxx or xxxxB Decimal ... xxxx Hexadecimal ... xxxxH Prefix indicating the power of 2 (address space, memory capacity): K (Kilo): 210 = 1024 M (Mega): 220 = 10242 G (Giga): 230 = 10243 Data type: Word...32 bits Halfword...16 bits Byte...8 bits Related Documents The related documents indicated in this publication may include preliminary versions. However, preliminary versions are not marked as such. * Documents related to devices Document Name Document Number U13995E U14168E U13844E U13845E U15390E U12688E U14985E This manual U14214E PD703100-33, 703100-40, 703101-33, 703102-33 Data Sheet PD703100A-33, 703100A-40, 703101A-33, 703102A-33 Data Sheet PD70F3102-33 Data Sheet PD70F3102A-33 Data Sheet PD703130 Data Sheet V850E/MS1 Hardware User's Manual V850E/MS2 Hardware User's Manual V850E/MS1, V850E/MS2 Architecture User's Manual V850E/MS1 Hardware Application Note 8 User's Manual U12197EJ6V0UM * Documents related to development tools (user's manuals) Document Name IE-703102-MC (In-circuit emulator) IE-703102-MC-EM1, IE-703102-MC-EM1-A (In-circuit emulator option board) CA850 (Ver.2.30 or Later) (C compiler package) Operation C language Project manager Assembly language ID850 (Integrated debugger) Ver.2.20 SM850 (System simulator) Ver.2.20 SM850 System Simulator (Ver. 2.00 or Later) RX850 (Ver.3.13 or Later) (Real-time OS) Operation WindowsTM based Operation Windows based External Part User Open Interface Specifications Fundamental Installation Technical RX850 Pro (Ver.3.13) (Real-time OS) Fundamental Installation Technical RD850 (Ver.3.01) (Task debugger) RD850 Pro. (Ver.3.01) (Task debugger) AZ850 (Ver.3.0) (System performance analyzer) PG-FP3 (Flash memory programmer) Document Number U13875E U13876E U14568E U14566E U14569E U14567E U14580E U14782E U14873E U13430E U13410E U13431E U13773E U13774E U13772E U13916E U13737E U11181E U13502E User's Manual U12197EJ6V0UM 9 CONTENTS CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................................... 14 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 General .................................................................................................................................................. 14 Features ................................................................................................................................................ 15 Product Development .......................................................................................................................... 16 CPU Configuration ............................................................................................................................... 17 Differences with Architecture of V850 CPU....................................................................................... 18 CHAPTER 2 REGISTER SET ........................................................................................................................... 20 2.1 2.2 Program Registers ............................................................................................................................... 20 2.1.1 2.2.1 2.2.2 2.2.3 2.2.4 2.2.5 2.2.6 2.2.7 2.2.8 Program register set ................................................................................................................................ 20 Interrupt status saving registers............................................................................................................... 23 NMI status saving registers...................................................................................................................... 24 Exception cause register.......................................................................................................................... 24 Program status word................................................................................................................................ 24 CALLT caller status saving registers ....................................................................................................... 26 ILGOP caller status saving registers........................................................................................................ 26 CALLT base pointer ................................................................................................................................. 26 System register number........................................................................................................................... 27 System Registers ................................................................................................................................. 23 CHAPTER 3 DATA TYPES............................................................................................................................... 28 3.1 3.2 Data Format .......................................................................................................................................... 28 3.1.1 3.2.1 3.2.2 3.2.3 Data type and addressing ........................................................................................................................ 28 Integer...................................................................................................................................................... 29 Unsigned integer...................................................................................................................................... 30 Bit............................................................................................................................................................. 30 Data Representation ............................................................................................................................ 29 3.3 Data Alignment ..................................................................................................................................... 30 CHAPTER 4 ADDRESS SPACE ...................................................................................................................... 31 4.1 4.2 Memory Map ......................................................................................................................................... 32 Addressing Mode ................................................................................................................................. 33 4.2.1 4.2.2 Instruction address................................................................................................................................... 33 Operand address ..................................................................................................................................... 36 CHAPTER 5 INSTRUCTIONS ........................................................................................................................... 39 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 Instruction Format ............................................................................................................................... 39 Outline of Instructions......................................................................................................................... 43 Instruction Set ...................................................................................................................................... 47 Number of Instruction Execution Clock Cycles .............................................................................. 128 10 User's Manual U12197EJ6V0UM CHAPTER 6 INTERRUPTS AND EXCEPTIONS .......................................................................................... 133 6.1 Interrupt Servicing ............................................................................................................................. 134 6.1.1 6.1.2 Maskable interrupt ................................................................................................................................. 134 Non-maskable interrupt.......................................................................................................................... 136 Software exception ................................................................................................................................ 137 Exception trap ........................................................................................................................................ 138 6.2 Exception Processing........................................................................................................................ 137 6.2.1 6.2.2 6.3 Restoring from Interrupt/Exception ................................................................................................. 139 CHAPTER 7 RESET ........................................................................................................................................ 140 7.1 7.2 Initialization......................................................................................................................................... 140 Starting Up .......................................................................................................................................... 140 CHAPTER 8 PIPELINE .................................................................................................................................... 141 8.1 8.2 8.3 Features .............................................................................................................................................. 142 Outline of Operation .......................................................................................................................... 145 Pipeline Flow During Execution of Instructions ............................................................................. 146 8.3.1 8.3.2 8.3.3 8.3.4 8.3.5 8.3.6 8.3.7 8.3.8 8.3.9 8.3.10 Load instructions.................................................................................................................................... 146 Store instructions ................................................................................................................................... 146 Arithmetic operation instructions (excluding multiply and divide instructions) ....................................... 147 Multiply instructions................................................................................................................................ 147 Divide instructions.................................................................................................................................. 148 Logical operation instructions ................................................................................................................ 148 Saturation operation instructions ........................................................................................................... 148 Branch instructions ................................................................................................................................ 149 Bit manipulation instructions .................................................................................................................. 151 Special instructions ................................................................................................................................ 152 Alignment hazard ................................................................................................................................... 155 Referencing execution result of load instruction .................................................................................... 156 Referencing execution result of multiply instruction............................................................................... 156 Referencing execution result of LDSR instruction for EIPC and FEPC ................................................. 157 Cautions when creating programs ......................................................................................................... 157 8.4 Pipeline Disorder................................................................................................................................ 155 8.4.1 8.4.2 8.4.3 8.4.4 8.4.5 APPENDIX A INSTRUCTION MNEMONICS (IN ALPHABETICAL ORDER)............................................. 158 APPENDIX B INSTRUCTION LIST ................................................................................................................ 171 APPENDIX C INSTRUCTION OPCODE MAP............................................................................................... 175 APPENDIX D INSTRUCTIONS ADDED TO V850E ..................................................................................... 180 APPENDIX E INDEX ........................................................................................................................................ 182 APPENDIX F REVISION HISTORY ................................................................................................................ 185 User's Manual U12197EJ6V0UM 11 LIST OF FIGURES Figure No. 1-1 1-2 2-1 2-2 2-3 4-1 4-2 4-3 4-4 4-5 4-6 4-7 6-1 6-2 6-3 6-4 6-5 6-6 8-1 8-2 8-3 8-4 8-5 8-6 8-7 8-8 8-9 Title Page V850 Series Lineup .......................................................................................................................................... 16 Internal Configuration ....................................................................................................................................... 17 Program Registers ........................................................................................................................................... 21 Program Register Operations........................................................................................................................... 22 System Registers ............................................................................................................................................. 23 Memory Map..................................................................................................................................................... 32 Relative Addressing (JR disp22/JARL disp22, reg2) ....................................................................................... 33 Relative Addressing (Bcond disp9) .................................................................................................................. 34 Register Addressing (JMP [reg1]) .................................................................................................................... 35 Based Addressing (Type 1).............................................................................................................................. 36 Based Addressing (Type 2).............................................................................................................................. 37 Bit Addressing .................................................................................................................................................. 38 Maskable Interrupt Servicing Format ............................................................................................................. 135 Non-Maskable Interrupt Servicing Format...................................................................................................... 136 Software Exception Processing Format ......................................................................................................... 137 Illegal Instruction Code................................................................................................................................... 138 Exception Trap Processing Format ................................................................................................................ 138 Restoration from Interrupt/Exception.............................................................................................................. 139 Pipeline Configuration .................................................................................................................................... 141 Non-Blocking Load/Store ............................................................................................................................... 142 Pipeline Operations with Branch Instructions................................................................................................. 143 Parallel Execution of Branch Instructions....................................................................................................... 144 Example of Executing Nine Standard Instructions ......................................................................................... 145 Align Hazard Example.................................................................................................................................... 155 Example of Execution Result of Load Instruction........................................................................................... 156 Example of Execution Result of Multiply Instruction....................................................................................... 156 Example of Execution Result of LDSR Instruction for EIPC and FEPC ......................................................... 157 12 User's Manual U12197EJ6V0UM LIST OF TABLES Table No. 1-1 2-1 5-1 5-2 5-3 5-4 5-5 5-6 5-7 5-8 5-9 5-10 6-1 7-1 8-1 A-1 B-1 B-2 D-1 Title Page Differences Between V850E CPU and V850 CPU ........................................................................................... 18 System Register Number ................................................................................................................................. 27 Load/Store Instructions .................................................................................................................................... 43 Arithmetic Operation Instructions ..................................................................................................................... 43 Saturated Operation Instructions...................................................................................................................... 44 Logical Operation Instructions.......................................................................................................................... 44 Branch Instructions........................................................................................................................................... 45 Bit Manipulation Instructions ............................................................................................................................ 46 Special Instructions .......................................................................................................................................... 46 Conditional Branch Instructions........................................................................................................................ 56 Condition Codes............................................................................................................................................. 104 List of Number of Instruction Execution Clock Cycles.................................................................................... 128 Interrupt/Exception Codes.............................................................................................................................. 134 Register Status After Reset............................................................................................................................ 140 Access Times (in Clocks) ............................................................................................................................... 146 Instruction Mnemonics (in Alphabetical Order) .............................................................................................. 159 Mnemonic List ................................................................................................................................................ 171 Instruction Set ................................................................................................................................................ 173 Instructions Added to V850E CPU and V850 CPU Instructions with Same Instruction Code ........................ 180 User's Manual U12197EJ6V0UM 13 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION The V850 Series peripheral I/O. TM is a collection of NEC Electronics single-chip microcontrollers that have a CPU core that uses TM the RISC microprocessor technology of the V800 Series , and incorporate functions such as internal ROM/RAM and The V850 Series of microcontrollers provides a migration path to NEC Electronics' existing 78K Series of original single-chip microcontrollers, and boasts a higher cost-performance. The V850 Series includes products that incorporate the V850 CPU and products that incorporate the V850E CPU. The V850E/MS1 is one of the latter. This chapter briefly outlines the V850 Series. 1.1 General Real-time control systems are used in a wide range of applications, including: * Office equipment such as HDDs (Hard Disk Drives), PPCs (Plain Paper Copiers), printers, and facsimiles, * Automotive electronics such as engine control systems and ABSs (Antilock Braking Systems) * Factory automation equipment such as NC (Numerical Control) machine tools and various controllers. The great majority of these systems conventionally employ 8-bit or 16-bit microcontrollers. However, the performance level of these microcontrollers has become inadequate in recent years as control operations have risen in complexity, leading to the development of increasingly complicated instruction sets and hardware design. As a result, the need has arisen for a new generation of microcontrollers operable at much higher frequencies to achieve an acceptable level of performance under today's more demanding requirements. The V850 Series of microcontrollers was developed to satisfy this need. This series uses RISC architecture that provides maximum performance with simpler hardware, allowing users to obtain a performance approximately 15 times higher than that of the existing 78K/III Series and 78K/IV Series of CISC single-chip microcontrollers at a lower total cost. In addition to the basic instructions of conventional RISC CPUs, the V850 Series is provided with special instructions such as saturation, bit manipulation, and multiply/divide (executed by a hardware multiplier), which are especially well suited to digital servo control systems. Moreover, instruction formats are designed for maximum compiler coding efficiency, allowing the reduction in the object code size. 14 User's Manual U12197EJ6V0UM CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.2 Features * High-performance 32-bit architecture for embedded control * Number of instructions: 81 * 32-bit general-purpose registers: 32 * Load/store instructions in long/short format * 3-operand instruction * 5-stage pipeline of 1 clock cycle per stage * Hardware interlock on register/flag hazards * Memory space Program space: 64 MB linear Data space: 4 GB linear * Special instructions * Saturation operation instructions * Bit manipulation instructions * On-chip multiplier executing multiplication in 1 to 2 clocks * 16 bits x 16 bits 32 bits * 32 bits x 32 bits 32 or 64 bits User's Manual U12197EJ6V0UM 15 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.3 Product Development The V850 Series is part of the V800 Series and consists of single-chip microcontrollers using a RISC microprocessor core. The members of V850 Series are the V851 , V852 , V853 , V854 , V850/SV1 , V850/SA1 , V850/SB1 , V850/SB2 , V850/SF1 , V850/SC1 , V850/SC2 , and V850/SC3 , which incorporate the V850 CPU, and the V850E/MS1, V850E/MS2, V850E/MA1 , V850E/MA2 , V850E/IA1 , V850E/IA2 , and V850E/xxx, which incorporate the V850E CPU. The versions incorporating the V850 CPU are single-chip microcontrollers for control, and the versions incorporating the V850E CPU are single-chip microcontrollers that feature an enhanced bus interface and are suitable for data processing in addition to control. Moreover, the V850E CPU differs from the V850 in that it provides additional instructions mainly for high-level languages, such as C language switch statement processing, table lookup branching, stack frame generation/deletion, and data conversion. The instruction code is upwardly compatible at the object code level with the V850 CPU, allowing the software resources contained in the V850 CPU to be used as is. Figure 1-1. V850 Series Lineup Performance Under development V850E/xxx TM TM TM TM TM TM TM TM TM TM TM TM TM TM TM TM V850E CPU Core V850E/MA1 V850E/IA1 Enhanced memory Inverter control controller and with CAN support of SDRAM Highperformance V850E/MS1 Memory controller added ASSP V850E/MS2 Compact version V850E/MA2 Compact version V850E/IA2 Compact version V850 CPU Core V851 Internal flash V853 V852 V854 V850/SV1 V850/SC1 5 V, low-power version with many pins 3 V, low-power version with many pins VCR servo control V850/SB1 Ultra-low power consumption V850/SA1 3 V, low-power version 5 V, low-power version V850/SC2 V850/SF1 5 V, low-power version with many pins and IEBus V850/SB2 TM 5 V, low-power version 5 V, low-power version with IEBus with CAN V850/SC3 5 V, low-power version with many pins and CAN Year of development 16 User's Manual U12197EJ6V0UM CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.4 CPU Configuration Figure 1-2 shows the internal configuration of the V850E/MS1. Figure 1-2. Internal Configuration Internal ROM CPU BIU ROM/ Flash memory Instruction queue PC System registers DRAM control Multiplier 32 x 32 64 Internal peripheral I/O Barrel Shifter Internal RAM Generalpurpose registers 32 bits x 32 ALU ROM control Bus control Internal bus The function of each hardware block is as follows. CPU ................................ Executes almost all instructions such as address calculations, arithmetic and logical operations, and data transfers in one clock by using a 5-stage pipeline. to execute complicated instructions at high speeds. Internal ROM .................... User's Manual U12197EJ6V0UM 17 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.5 Differences with Architecture of V850 CPU The differences between the architecture of the V850E CPU and that of the V850 CPU are listed below. Table 1-1. Differences Between V850E CPU and V850 CPU (1/2) Item Instructions (including operand) BSH reg2, reg3 BSW reg2, reg3 CALLT imm6 CLR1 reg2, [reg1] CMOV cccc, imm5, reg2, reg3 CMOV cccc, reg1, reg2, reg3 CTRET DISPOSE imm5, list12 DISPOSE imm5, list12 [reg1] DIV reg1, reg2, reg3 DIVH reg1, reg2, reg3 DIVHU reg1, reg2, reg3 DIVU reg1, reg2, reg3 HSW reg2, reg3 LD.BU disp16 [reg1] , reg2 LD.HU disp16 [reg1] , reg2 MOV imm32, reg1 MUL imm9, reg2, reg3 MUL reg1, reg2, reg3 MULU reg1, reg2, reg3 MULU imm9, reg2, reg3 NOT1 reg2, [reg1] PREPARE list12, imm5 PREPARE list12, imm5, sp/imm SASF cccc, reg2 SET1 reg2, [reg1] SLD.BU disp4 [ep] , reg2 SLD.HU disp5 [ep] , reg2 SWITCH reg1 SXB reg1 SXH reg1 TST1 reg2, [reg1] ZXB reg1 ZXH reg1 V850E CPU Provided V850 CPU Not provided 18 User's Manual U12197EJ6V0UM CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Table 1-1. Differences Between V850E CPU and V850 CPU (2/2) Item Instruction format Format IV Format XI Format XII Format XIII Instruction execution clocks Program space Valid bits of program counter (PC) System registers CALLT execution status save registers (CTPC, CTPSW) CALLT base pointer (CTBP) Exception trap status save registers Instruction code of illegal instruction code trap Misalign access enable/disable setting DBPC, DBPSW EIPC, EIPSW Value differs for some instructions. 64 MB linear Lower 26 bits Provided 16 MB linear Lower 24 bits Not provided V850E CPU V850 CPU Format is different for some instructions. Provided Not provided Instruction code areas differ. Can be set. Cannot be set. (misalign access prohibited) 3 3 + No. of waits Access time (No. of clocks) Internal RAM (at instruction fetch) External memory 1 or 2 2 Note + No. of waits Pipeline At next instruction, pipeline flow differs. * Arithmetic instruction (except multiply instruction) * Branch instruction * Bit manipulation instruction * Special instruction (TRAP, RETI) Note When external memory type is set to SRAM, I/O User's Manual U12197EJ6V0UM 19 CHAPTER 2 REGISTER SET The registers of the V850 Series can be classified into two types: program registers that can be used for general programming, and system registers that can control the execution environment. All the registers consist of 32 bits. 2.1 Program Registers 2.1.1 Program register set (1) General-purpose registers The V850 Series has thirty-two general-purpose registers, r0 through r31. All these registers can be used for data or address storage. However, r0 and r30 are implicitly used by instructions, and care must be exercised in using these registers. r0 is a register that always holds 0, and is used for operations and offset 0 addressing. r30 is used as a base pointer when accessing memory using the SLD and SST instructions. r1, r3, r4, r5, and r31 are implicitly used by the assembler and C compiler. Before using these registers, therefore, their contents must be saved so that they are not lost. The contents must be restored to the registers after the registers have been used. The real-time OS may use r2. When real-time OS does not use r2, r2 can be used as a variable register. 20 User's Manual U12197EJ6V0UM CHAPTER 2 REGISTER SET Figure 2-1. Program Registers 31 r0 r1 r2 r3 r4 r5 r6 r7 r8 r9 r10 r11 r12 r13 r14 r15 r16 r17 r18 r19 r20 r21 r22 r23 r24 r25 r26 r27 r28 r29 r30 r31 Element pointer (EP) Link pointer (LP) Stack pointer (SP) Global pointer (GP) Text pointer (TP) Zero register Reserved for address generation 0 PC Program counter User's Manual U12197EJ6V0UM 21 CHAPTER 2 REGISTER SET Figure 2-2. Program Register Operations Name r0 r1 Usage Zero register Assembler-reserved register Always holds 0. Used as working register for address generation. Operation r2 r3 Address/data variable registers (when the real-time OS does not use r2) Stack pointer Used for stack frame generation when function is called. Used to access global variable in data area. Used as register for pointing start address of text areaNote r4 r5 Global pointer Text pointer r6 to r29 r30 Address/data variable registers Element pointer Used as base pointer for address generation when memory is accessed. Used when compiler calls function. Holds instruction address during program execution. r31 PC Link pointer Program counter Note Text area: Area where program code is placed. Remark For detailed descriptions of r1, r3, r4, r5, r31 used by the assembler and C compiler, see the CA850 (C Compiler Package) User's Manual. (2) Program counter This register holds an instruction address during program execution. The lower 26 bits of this register are valid, and bits 31 through 26 are reserved fields (fixed to 0). If a carry occurs from bit 25 to 26, it is ignored. Bit 0 is always fixed to 0, and execution cannot branch to an odd address. 31 PC RFU 2625 10 0 Remark RFU: Reserved field (Reserved for Future Use) 22 User's Manual U12197EJ6V0UM CHAPTER 2 REGISTER SET 2.2 System Registers The system registers control the status of the V850 Series and hold information on interrupts. Figure 2-3. System Registers 31 EIPC EIPSW Exception/Interrupt PC Exception/Interrupt PSW 0 FEPC FEPSW Fatal Error PC Fatal Error PSW ECR Exception Cause Register PSW Program Status Word CTPC CTPSW CALLT Caller PC CALLT Caller PSW DBPC DBPSW ILGOP Caller PC ILGOP Caller PSW CTBP CALLT Base Pointer 2.2.1 Interrupt status saving registers Two interrupt status saving registers are provided: EIPC and EIPSW. The contents of the PC and PSW are respectively saved in these registers if a software exception or interrupt occurs. If an NMI occurs, however, the contents of the PC and PSW are saved to the NMI status saving registers. When a software exception or interrupt occurs, the address of the following instruction is saved in the EIPC register. If an interrupt occurs while a division (DIV/DIVH/DIVU) instruction is being executed, the address of the division instruction currently being executed is saved. The current value of the PSW is saved to the EIPSW. Because only one pair of interrupt status saving registers is provided, the contents of these registers must be saved by program when multiple interrupts are enabled. Bits 26 through 31 of the EIPC and bits 8 through 31 of the EIPSW are fixed to 0. 31 EIPC RFU 26 25 PC 0 31 EIPSW RFU 87 PSW 0 User's Manual U12197EJ6V0UM 23 CHAPTER 2 REGISTER SET 2.2.2 NMI status saving registers The V850 Series is provided with two NMI status saving registers: FEPC and FEPSW. The contents of the PC and PSW are respectively saved in these registers when an NMI occurs. The value saved to the FEPC is, like the EIPC, the address of the instruction next to the one executed when the NMI has occurred (if the NMI occurs while a division (DIVH/DIV/DIVU) instruction is being executed, the address of the division instruction under execution is saved). The current value of the PSW is saved to the FEPSW. Bits 26 through 31 of the FEPC and bits 8 through 31 of the FEPSW are fixed to 0. 31 FEPC RFU 26 25 PC 0 31 FEPSW RFU 87 PSW 0 2.2.3 Exception cause register The exception cause register (ECR) holds the cause information of an exception, maskable interrupt, or NMI when any of these events occur. The ECR holds a code which identifies each interrupt source. This is a read-only register, and therefores no data can be written to it by using the LDSR instruction. 31 ECR FECC 16 15 EICC 0 Bit Position 31 to 16 Field FECC Fatal Error Cause Code NMI code Function 15 to 0 EICC Exception/Interrupt Cause Code Exception/interrupt code 2.2.4 Program status word The program status word is a collection of flags that indicate the status of the program (result of instruction execution) and the status of the CPU. If the contents of the PSW register are modified by the LDSR instruction, the PSW will assume the new value immediately after the LDSR instruction has been executed. In setting the ID flag to 1, however, interrupts are already disabled even while the LDSR instruction is being executed. 31 PSW RFU 876543210 NE I SCO SZ A PPDTYV 24 User's Manual U12197EJ6V0UM CHAPTER 2 REGISTER SET Bit Position 31 to 8 RFU Flag Reserved for Future Use Reserved field (fixed to 0). Function 7 NP NMI Pending Indicates that NMI processing is in progress. This flag is set when an NMI is acknowledged. The NMI request is then masked, and multiple interrupts are disabled. NP = 0: NMI processing is not in progress NP = 1: NMI processing is in progress 6 EP Exception Pending Indicates that exception processing is in progress. This flag is set when an exception occurs. Even when this bit is set, interrupt requests can be acknowledged. EP = 0: Exception processing is not in progress EP = 1: Exception processing is in progress Interrupt Disable Indicates whether external interrupt request can be acknowledged. ID = 0: Interrupt can be acknowledged ID = 1: Interrupt cannot be acknowledged Saturated Indicates that an overflow has occurred in a saturated operation and the result is saturated. This is a cumulative flag. Once the result is saturated, the flag is set to 1 and is not reset to 0 even if the next result is not saturated. To reset this flag, load data to the PSW. This flag is neither set nor reset by general arithmetic operation instruction. SAT = 0: Not saturated SAT = 1: Saturated Carry Indicates whether a carry or borrow occurred as a result of the operation. CY = 0: Carry or borrow did not occur CY = 1: Carry or borrow occurred Overflow Indicates whether an overflow occurred as a result of the operation. OV = 0: Overflow did not occur OV = 1: Overflow occurred Sign Indicates whether the result of the operation is negative S = 0: Result is positive or zero S = 1: Result is negative Zero Indicates whether the result of the operation is zero Z = 0: Result is not zero Z = 1: Result is zero 5 ID 4 SATNote 3 CY 2 OVNote 1 SNote 0 Z Note In the case of saturation instructions, the SAT, S, and OV flags will be set according to the result of the operation as shown in the table below. Note that the SAT flag is set to 1 only when the OV flag has been set due to an overflow condition caused by a saturation instruction. User's Manual U12197EJ6V0UM 25 CHAPTER 2 REGISTER SET Status of Operation Result SAT Maximum positive value is exceeded Maximum negative value is exceeded Positive (Maximum value not exceeded) Negative (Maximum value not exceeded) 1 Status of Flag OV 1 S 0 Result of Saturation Processing 7FFFFFFFH 1 1 1 80000000H Value prior to operation retained 0 0 Operation result 1 2.2.5 CALLT caller status saving registers The V850E Series is provided with two CALLT caller status saving registers: CTPC and CTPSW. The contents of the PC and PSW are respectively saved in these registers when a CALLT instruction is executed. The value saved to CTPC is, like the EIPC, the address of the instruction next to the one executed. The current value of the PSW is saved to CTPSW. Bits 26 through 31 of CTPC and bits 8 through 31 of CTPSW are fixed to 0. 31 CTPC RFU 26 25 PC 0 31 CTPSW RFU 87 PSW 0 2.2.6 ILGOP caller status saving registers The V850E Series is provided with two ILGOP caller status saving registers: DBPC and DBPSW. The contents of the PC and PSW are respectively saved in these registers when ILGOP is detected. The value saved to DBPC is, like the EIPC, the address of the instruction next to the one executed. The current value of the PSW is saved to DBPSW. Bits 26 through 31 of DBPC and bits 8 through 31 of DBPSW are fixed to 0. 31 DBPC RFU 26 25 PC 0 31 DBPSW RFU 87 PSW 0 2.2.7 CALLT base pointer The CALLT base pointer CTBP is used to specify a table address and to generate a target address. 31 CTBP RFU 26 25 Base address 0 0 26 User's Manual U12197EJ6V0UM CHAPTER 2 REGISTER SET 2.2.8 System register number Data in the system registers is accessed by using the load/store system register instructions, LDSR and STSR. Each register is assigned a unique number which is referenced by the LDSR and STSR instructions. Table 2-1. System Register Number Number System Register Operand Specification LDSR 0 1 2 3 4 5 16 17 18 19 20 6 to 15 21 to 31 EIPC EIPSW FEPC FEPSW ECR PSW CTPC CTPSW DBPC DBPSW CTBP Reserved -- -- -- STSR --: : Reserved: Access prohibited Access enabled Accessing registers in this range is prohibited and will lead to undefined results. Caution When using the LDSR instruction with the EIPC, FEPC and CTPC registers, only even address values should be specified. After interrupt processing has ended with a RETI instruction, bit 0 in the EIPC, FEPC and CTPC registers will be ignored and assumed to be zero when the PC is restored. User's Manual U12197EJ6V0UM 27 CHAPTER 3 DATA TYPES 3.1 Data Format The V850 Series supports the following data types. * Integer (8, 16, 32 bits) * Unsigned integer (8, 16, 32 bits) * Bit 3.1.1 Data type and addressing The V850 Series supports three types of data lengths: word (32 bits), halfword (16 bits), and byte (8 bits). Byte 0 of any data is always the least significant byte (this is called little endian) and is shown at the rightmost position in figures throughout this manual. The following paragraphs describe the data format where data of a fixed length is in the memory. (1) Byte (BYTE) A byte is 8-bit contiguous data that starts from any byte boundary address A. 7 0 Data A Address Note . Each bit is assigned a number from 0 to 7. The LSB (Least Significant Bit) is bit 0 and the MSB (Most Significant Bit) is bit 7. A byte is specified by its (2) Halfword (HALF-WORD) A halfword is 2 byte (16-bit) contiguous data that starts from any halfword boundary lowest bit fixed to 0 when misalign access is disabled) 15 87 Note Note . Each bit is assigned a number from 0 to 15. The LSB is bit 0 and the MSB is bit 15. A halfword is specified by its address A (with the , and occupies 2 bytes, A and A+1. 0 Data A+1 A Address 28 User's Manual U12197EJ6V0UM CHAPTER 3 DATA TYPES (3) Word (WORD) A word is 4-byte (32-bit) contiguous data that starts from any word boundary fixed to 0 when misalign access is disabled) Note Note . Each bit is assigned a number from 0 to 31. The LSB is bit 0 and the MSB is bit 31. A word is specified by its address A (with the 2 lowest bits , and occupies 4 bytes, A, A+1, A+2, and A+3. 31 24 23 16 15 87 0 Data A+3 A+2 A+1 A Address (4) Bit (BIT) A bit is 1-bit data at the nth bit position in 8-bit data that starts from any byte boundary address A and bit number n. 7 Byte of address A -------------------A n 0 Bit number Data Address Note . A bit is specified by its Note The V850E Series can access any byte boundary whether access is in halfword or word units when misalign access is enabled. Refer to 3.3 Data Alignment. 3.2 Data Representation 3.2.1 Integer With the V850 Series, an integer is expressed as a binary number of 2's complement and is 8, 16, or 32 bits long. Regardless of its length, bit 0 of an integer is the least significant bit. The higher the bit number, the more significant the bit. Because 2's complement is used, the most significant bit is used as a sign bit. Data Length Byte Halfword Word 8 bits 16 bits 32 bits Range -128 to +127 -32768 to +32767 -2147483648 to +2147483647 User's Manual U12197EJ6V0UM 29 CHAPTER 3 DATA TYPES 3.2.2 Unsigned integer While an integer is data that can take either a positive or a negative value, an unsigned integer is an integer that is not negative. Like an integer, an unsigned integer is also expressed as 2's complement and is 8, 16, or 32 bits long. Regardless of its length, bit 0 of an unsigned integer is the least significant bit, and the higher the bit number, the more significant the bit. However, no sign bit is used. Data Length Byte Halfword Word 8 bits 16 bits 32 bits Range 0 to 255 0 to 65535 0 to 4294967295 3.2.3 Bit The V850 Series can handle 1-bit data that can take a value of 0 (cleared) or 1 (set). Bit manipulation can only be performed on 1-byte data in the memory space in the following four ways. * * * * Set Clear Invert Test 3.3 Data Alignment With the V850E Series, data to be allocated in memory must be aligned at an appropriate boundary when misalign access is disabled. Therefore, word data must be aligned at a word boundary (the lower 2 bits of the address are 0), and halfword data must be aligned at a halfword boundary (the lower 1 bit of the address is 0). If data is not aligned at a boundary and misalign access disabled, the data is accessed with the lowest bit(s) of the address (lower 2 bits in the case of word data and lowest 1 bit in the case of halfword data) automatically masked. This will cause loss of data and truncation of the least significant bytes. When misalign access is enabled, it is possible to place any data at any address, irrespective of the data format when data is word or halfword and is not aligned at a boundary, however one or more bus cycles is generated, which lowers the bus efficiency. 30 User's Manual U12197EJ6V0UM CHAPTER 4 ADDRESS SPACE The V850 Series supports a 4 GB linear address space. Both memory and I/O are mapped to this address space (memory-mapped I/O). The V850 Series outputs 32-bit addresses to the memory and I/O. The maximum address is 232-1. Byte ordering is little endian. Byte data allocated at each address is defined with bit 0 as LSB and bit 7 as MSB. In regards to multiple-byte data, the byte with the lowest address value is defined to have the LSB and the byte with the highest address value is defined to have the MSB. Data consisting of 2 bytes is called a halfword, and 4-byte data is called a word. In this user's manual, data consisting of 2 or more bytes is illustrated as shown below, with the lower address shown on the right and the higher address on the left. 7 Byte of address A ------------------------------------A 15 Halfword at address A ------------------------A+1 31 Word at address A ---------A+3 A+2 A+1 A 24 23 16 15 87 A 87 0 Data Address 0 Data Address 0 Data Address User's Manual U12197EJ6V0UM 31 CHAPTER 4 ADDRESS SPACE 4.1 Memory Map The V850 Series employs a 32-bit architecture and supports a linear address space (data space) of up to 4 GB. It supports a linear address space (program space) of up to 64 MB for instruction addressing. Figure 4-1 shows the memory map of the V850 Series. Figure 4-1. Memory Map FFFFFFFFH Peripheral I/O FFFFEFFFH Internal RAM 4 GB linear Internal ROM/ flash memory 00000000H 32 User's Manual U12197EJ6V0UM CHAPTER 4 ADDRESS SPACE 4.2 Addressing Mode The CPU generates two types of addresses: instruction addresses used for instruction fetch and branch operations; and operand addresses used for data access. 4.2.1 Instruction address An instruction address is determined by the contents of the program counter (PC), and is automatically incremented (+2) according to the number of bytes of an instruction to be fetched each time an instruction has been executed. When a branch instruction is executed, the branch destination address is loaded into the PC using one of the following two addressing modes. (1) Relative addressing (PC relative) The signed 9- or 22-bit data of an instruction code (displacement: disp) is added to the value of the program counter (PC). At this time, the displacement is treated as 2's complement data with bits 8 and 21 serving as sign bits. This addressing is used for Bcond disp9, JR disp22, and JARL disp22, reg2 instructions. Figure 4-2. Relative Addressing (JR disp22/JARL disp22, reg2) 31 26 25 PC 0 0 000000 31 Sign extension 22 21 S disp22 0 0 31 26 25 PC 0 0 000000 Memory to be manipulated User's Manual U12197EJ6V0UM 33 CHAPTER 4 ADDRESS SPACE Figure 4-3. Relative Addressing (Bcond disp9) 31 26 25 PC 0 0 000000 31 Sign extension 98 S disp9 0 0 31 26 25 PC 0 0 000000 Memory to be manipulated 34 User's Manual U12197EJ6V0UM CHAPTER 4 ADDRESS SPACE (2) Register addressing (address indirect) The contents of a general-purpose register (r0 to r31) specified by an instruction are transferred to the program counter (PC). This addressing is applied to the JMP [reg1] instruction. Figure 4-4. Register Addressing (JMP [reg1]) 31 reg1 0 31 26 25 PC 0 0 000000 Memory to be manipulated User's Manual U12197EJ6V0UM 35 CHAPTER 4 ADDRESS SPACE 4.2.2 Operand address When an instruction is executed, the register or memory area to be accessed is specified in one of the following four addressing modes. (1) Register addressing The general-purpose register (or system register) specified in the general-purpose register specification field is accessed as the operand. This addressing mode applies to instructions using the operand format reg1, reg2, or regID. (2) Immediate addressing The 5-bit or 16-bit data for manipulation is contained directly in the instruction. This addressing mode applies to instructions using the operand format imm5, imm16, vector, or cccc. Remark vector: cccc: An operand that is 5-bit immediate data that specifies the trap vector (00H to 1FH), and is used by the TRAP instruction. An operand consisting of 4-bit data used by the SETF and CMOV instructions to specify the condition code. Assigned as part of the instruction code as 5-bit immediate data by appending a 1-bit 0 above the highest bit. (3) Based addressing The following two types of based addressing are supported. (a) Type 1 The address of the data memory location to be accessed is determined by adding the value in the specified general-purpose register to the 16-bit displacement value contained in the instruction. This addressing mode applies to instructions using the operand format disp16 [reg1]. Figure 4-5. Based Addressing (Type 1) 31 reg1 0 31 Sign extension 16 15 disp16 0 Memory to be manipulated 36 User's Manual U12197EJ6V0UM CHAPTER 4 ADDRESS SPACE (b) Type 2 The address of the data memory location to be accessed is determined by adding the value in the 32-bit element pointer (r30) to the 7- or 8-bit displacement value contained in the instruction. This addressing mode applies to SLD and SST instructions. Figure 4-6. Based Addressing (Type 2) 31 r30 (element pointer) 0 31 000000000000000000000000 (Zero extension) 7 disp8 or disp7 0 Memory to be manipulated Byte access = disp7 Halfword access and word access = disp8 User's Manual U12197EJ6V0UM 37 CHAPTER 4 ADDRESS SPACE (4) Bit addressing This addressing is used to access 1 bit (specified with bit#3 of 3-bit data) in 1 byte of the memory space to be manipulated by using an operand address which is the sum of the contents of a general-purpose register and a 16-bit displacement sign-extended to word length. instructions. Figure 4-7. Bit Addressing 31 reg1 0 This addressing mode applies only to bit manipulation 31 Sign extension 16 15 disp16 0 Memory to be manipulated n Remark n: Bit position specified with 3-bit data (bit#3) (n = 0 to 7) 38 User's Manual U12197EJ6V0UM CHAPTER 5 INSTRUCTIONS 5.1 Instruction Format The V850 Series has two types of instruction formats: 16-bit and 32-bit. The 16-bit instructions include binary operation, control, and conditional branch instructions, and the 32-bit instructions include load/store, jump, and instructions that handle 16-bit immediate data. Some instructions have an unused field (RFU). This field is reserved for future expansion and must be fixed to 0. An instruction is actually stored in memory as follows. * Lower bytes of instruction (including bit 0) Lower address * Higher bytes of instruction (including bit 15 or bit 31) Higher address (1) reg-reg instruction (Format I) A 16-bit instruction format having a 6-bit opcode field and two general-purpose register specification fields for operand specification. 15 reg2 11 10 opcode 5 4 reg1 0 (2) imm-reg instruction (Format II) A 16-bit instruction format having a 6-bit opcode field, a 5-bit immediate field, and a general-purpose register specification field. 15 reg2 11 10 opcode 5 4 imm 0 (3) Conditional branch instruction (Format III) A 16-bit instruction format having a 4-bit opcode field, a 4-bit condition code, and 8-bit displacement. 15 disp 11 10 opcode 7 6 disp 4 3 cond 0 User's Manual U12197EJ6V0UM 39 CHAPTER 5 INSTRUCTIONS (4) 16-bit load/store instruction (Format IV) A 16-bit instruction format having a 4-bit opcode field, a general-purpose register specification field, and 7-bit displacement (or 6-bit displacement + 1-bit sub-opcode). 15 reg2 11 10 opcode 7 6 disp 1 0 disp/sub-opcode A 16-bit instruction format having a 7-bit opcode field, a general-purpose register specification field, and 4-bit displacement. 15 reg2 11 10 opcode 4 3 disp 0 (5) Jump instruction (Format V) A 32-bit instruction format having a 5-bit opcode field, a general-purpose register specification field, and 22-bit displacement. 15 reg2 11 10 opcode 65 0 31 disp 17 16 0 (6) 3-operand instruction (Format VI) A 32-bit instruction format having a 6-bit opcode field, two general-purpose register specification fields, and 16bit immediate field. 15 reg2 11 10 opcode 54 reg1 0 31 imm 16 0 (7) 32-bit load/store instruction (Format VII) A 32-bit instruction format having a 6-bit opcode field, two general-purpose register specification fields, and 16bit displacement (or 15-bit displacement + 1-bit sub-opcode). 15 reg2 11 10 opcode 54 reg1 0 31 disp 17 16 disp/sub-opcode 40 User's Manual U12197EJ6V0UM CHAPTER 5 INSTRUCTIONS (8) Bit manipulation instruction (Format VIII) A 32-bit instruction format having a 6-bit opcode field, 2-bit sub-opcode, 3-bit bit specification field, a generalpurpose register field, and 16-bit displacement. 15 14 13 sub 11 10 bit # opcode 54 reg1 0 31 disp 16 (9) Extended instruction format 1 (Format IX) A 32-bit instruction format having a 6-bit opcode field, a 6-bit sub-opcode, and two general-purpose register specification fields (one field may be regID or cond). 15 reg2 11 10 opcode 54 0 31 RFU 27 26 sub-opcode 21 20 RFU 16 0 reg1/regID/cond (10) Extended instruction format 2 (Format X) A 32-bit instruction format having a 6-bit opcode field and a 6-bit sub opcode. 15 13 12 11 10 RFU opcode 54 0 31 RFU 27 26 sub-opcode 21 20 RFU 16 0 RFU/sub-opcode RFU/immediate/vector (11) Extended instruction format 3 (Format XI) A 32-bit instruction format having a 6-bit opcode field, a 6-bit and 1-bit sub-opcode, and three general-purpose register specification fields. 15 reg2 11 10 opcode 54 reg1 0 31 reg3 27 26 sub-opcode 21 20 18 17 16 RFU S0 (12) Extended instruction format 4 (Format XII) A 32-bit instruction format having a 6-bit opcode field, a 4-bit and 1-bit sub-opcode, a 10-bit immediate field, and two general-purpose register specification fields. 15 reg2 11 10 opcode 54 imm (low) 0 31 reg3 27 26 23 22 18 17 16 S0 sub-opcode imm (high) User's Manual U12197EJ6V0UM 41 CHAPTER 5 INSTRUCTIONS (13) Stack manipulation instruction (Format XIII) A 32-bit instruction format having a 5-bit opcode field, a 5-bit immediate field, a 12-bit register list field, and one general-purpose register specification field (or sub-opcode field). 15 RFU 11 10 opcode 65 imm 1 0 31 list 21 20 16 reg2/sub-opcode Remark RFU: Reserved field (Reserved for Future Use) 42 User's Manual U12197EJ6V0UM CHAPTER 5 INSTRUCTIONS 5.2 Outline of Instructions Load/store instructions ....................... Transfer data from memory to a register or from a register to memory. Table 5-1. Load/Store Instructions SLD LD SST ST Arithmetic operation instructions ...... Add, subtract, multiply, divide, transfer, or compare data between registers. Table 5-2. Arithmetic Operation Instructions MOV MOVHI MOVEA ADD ADDI SUB SUBR MUL MULH MULHI MULU DIV DIVH DIVHU DIVU CMP CMOV SETF SASF User's Manual U12197EJ6V0UM 43 CHAPTER 5 INSTRUCTIONS Saturated operation instructions ......... Execute saturation addition or subtraction. If the result of the operation exceeds the maximum positive value (7FFFFFFFH), 7FFFFFFFH is returned. If the result exceeds the negative value (80000000H), 80000000H is returned. Table 5-3. Saturated Operation Instructions SATADD SATSUB SATSUBI SATSUBR Logical operation instructions............ These instructions include logical operation instructions, shift instructions and data type transfer. The shift instructions include arithmetic shift and logical shift instructions. Operands can be shifted by two or more bit positions in one clock cycle by the universal barrel shifter. Table 5-4. Logical Operation Instructions TST OR ORI AND ANDI XOR XORI NOT SHL SHR SAR ZXB ZXH SXB SXH BSH BSW HSW 44 User's Manual U12197EJ6V0UM CHAPTER 5 INSTRUCTIONS Branch instructions ........................ Branch instruction include unconditional branch along with conditional branch instructions which alter the flow of control, depending on the status of conditional flags in the PSW. Program control can be transferred to the address specified by a branch instruction. Table 5-5. Branch Instructions JMP JR JARL BGT BGE BLT BLE BH BNL BL BNH BE BNE BV BNV BN BP BC BNC BZ BNZ BR BSA User's Manual U12197EJ6V0UM 45 CHAPTER 5 INSTRUCTIONS Bit manipulation instructions......... Execute a logical operation to bit data in memory. Only the specified bit is affected as a result of executing a bit manipulation instruction. Table 5-6. Bit Manipulation Instructions SET1 CLR1 NOT1 TST1 Special instructions ........................ These instructions are special in that they do not fall into any of the categories of instructions described above. Table 5-7. Special Instructions LDSR STSR SWITCH PREPARE DISPOSE CALLT CTRET TRAP RETI HALT DI EI NOP 46 User's Manual U12197EJ6V0UM CHAPTER 5 INSTRUCTIONS 5.3 Instruction Set Example of instruction description Mnemonic of instruction Meaning of instruction Instruction format Indicates the description and operand of the instruction. The following symbols are used in the description of an operand. Symbol reg1 reg2 reg3 bit#3 immx dispx regID vector cccc ep listx Meaning General-purpose register (used as source register) General-purpose register (mainly used as destination register. Some are also used as source registers) General-purpose register (mainly used as remainder or higher 32 bits of multiply results) 3-bit data for specifying bit number x-bit immediate x-bit displacement System register number 5-bit data for trap vector (00H to1FH) specification 4-bit data for condition code specification Element Pointer (r30) Lists of registers (x is the maximum number of registers) User's Manual U12197EJ6V0UM 47 CHAPTER 5 INSTRUCTIONS Operation Describes the function of the instruction. The following symbols are used. Symbol GR [ ] SR [ ] zero-extend (n) sign-extend (n) load-memory (a, b) store-memory (a, b, c) load-memory-bit (a, b) store-memory-bit (a, b, c) saturated (n) Assignment General-purpose register System register Zero-extends n to word Sign-extends n to word Reads data of size b from address a Writes data b of size c to address a Reads bit b from address a Writes c to bit b of address a Performs saturation processing of n. If n > 7FFFFFFFH as result of calculation, 7FFFFFFFH. If n < 80000000H as result of calculation, 80000000H. result Byte Half-word Word + - || x / % AND OR XOR NOT logically shift left by logically shift right by arithmetically shift right by Reflects result on flag Byte (8 bits) Halfword (16 bits) Word (32 bits) Add Subtract Bit concatenation Multiply Divide Remainder (Divide) And Or Exclusive Or Logical negate Logical left shift Logical right shift Arithmetic right shift Meaning Format Indicates instruction format number. 48 User's Manual U12197EJ6V0UM CHAPTER 5 INSTRUCTIONS Opcode Describes the separate bit fields of the instruction opcode. The following symbols are used. Symbol R r w d I i cccc bbb L 1-bit data of code specifying reg2 1-bit data of code specifying reg3 1-bit data of displacement 1-bit data of immediate (indicates higher bits of immediate) 1-bit data of immediate 4-bit data for condition code specification 3-bit data for bit number specification 1-bit data of code specifying register list Meaning 1-bit data of code specifying reg1 or regID Flag Indicates the flags that are altered after executing the instruction. CY OV S Z - 0 1 - Indicates that the flag is not affected. Indicates that the flag is cleared to 0. Indicates that the flag is set to 1. SAT - Instruction Explanation Remark Caution Describes the function of the instruction. Explains the operation of the instruction. Supplementary information on the instruction Important cautions regarding use of this instruction User's Manual U12197EJ6V0UM 49 CHAPTER 5 INSTRUCTIONS Instruction List Mnemonic SLD.B SLD.H SLD.W SLD.BU SLD.HU LD.B LD.H LD.W LD.BU LD.HU SST.B SST.H SST.W ST.B ST.H ST.W MOV MOVHI MOVEA ADD ADDI SUB SUBR MUL MULH MULHI MULU DIV DIVH DIVHU DIVU CMP CMOV SETF SASF SATADD SATSUB SATSUBI SATSUBR Load Byte Load Half-word Load Word Load Byte Unsigned Load Half-word Unsigned Load Byte Load Half-word Load Word Load Byte Unsigned Load Half-word Unsigned Store Byte Store Half-word Store Word Store Byte Store Half-word Store Word Arithmetic instructions Move Move High half-word Move Effective Address Add Add Immediate Subtract Subtract Reverse Multiply Word Multiply Half-word Multiply Half-word Immediate Multiply Word Unsigned Divide Word Divide Half-word Divide Half-word Unsigned Divide Word Unsigned Compare Conditional Move Set Flag Condition Shift And Set Flag Condition Saturate instructions Saturated Add Saturated Subtract Saturated Subtract Immediate Saturated Subtract Reverse LDSR STSR SWITCH PREPARE DISPOSE CALLT CTRET TRAP RETI HALT DI EI NOP SET1 CLR1 NOT1 TST1 JMP JR JARL Bcond Function Load/store instructions TST OR ORI AND ANDI XOR XORI NOT SHL SHR SAR ZXB ZXH SXB SXH BSH BSW HSW Mnemonic Test Or Or Immediate And And Immediate Exclusive-Or Exclusive-Or Immediate Not Shift Logical Left Shift Logical Right Shift Arithmetic Right Zero Extend Byte to Word Zero Extend Half-word to Word Sign Extend Byte to Word Sign Extend Half-word to Word Byte Swap Half-word Byte Swap Word Half-word Swap Word Branch instructions Jump Jump Relative Jump and Register Link Branch on Condition Code Bit manipulation instructions Set Bit Clear Bit Not Bit Test Bit Special instructions Load System Register Store System Register Jump with Table Look Up Function Initial Operation Function Close Operation Call with Table Look Up Return from CALLT Trap Return from Trap or Interrupt Halt Disable Interrupt Enable Interrupt No Operation Function Logical operation instructions 50 User's Manual U12197EJ6V0UM CHAPTER 5 INSTRUCTIONS ADD Add Instruction format (1) ADD reg1, reg2 (2) ADD imm5, reg2 Operation (1) GR [reg2] GR [reg2] + GR [reg1] (2) GR [reg2] GR [reg2] + sign-extend (imm5) Format (1) Format I (2) Format II Opcode (1) 15 rrrrr001110RRRRR 15 (2) 0 0 rrrrr010010iiiii Flag CY OV S Z SAT 1 if a carry occurs from MSB; otherwise, 0. 1 if overflow occurs; otherwise, 0. 1 if the result of an operation is negative; otherwise, 0. 1 if the result of an operation is 0; otherwise 0. - Instruction (1) ADD Add Register (2) ADD Add Immediate (5-bit) Explanation (1) Adds the word data of general-purpose register reg1 to the word data of general-purpose register reg2, and stores the result in general-purpose register reg2. The data of generalpurpose register reg1 is not affected. (2) Adds 5-bit immediate data, sign-extended to word length, to the word data of generalpurpose register reg2, and stores the result in general-purpose register reg2. User's Manual U12197EJ6V0UM 51 CHAPTER 5 INSTRUCTIONS ADDI Add Immediate Instruction format Operation Format Opcode ADDI imm16, reg1, reg2 GR [reg2] GR [reg1] + sign-extend (imm16) Format VI 15 rrrrr110000RRRRR 0 31 16 iiiiiiiiiiiiiiii Flag CY OV S Z SAT 1 if a carry occurs from MSB; otherwise, 0. 1 if overflow occurs; otherwise, 0. 1 if the result of an operation is negative; otherwise, 0. 1 if the result of an operation is 0; otherwise 0. - Instruction Explanation ADDI Add immediate Adds 16-bit immediate data, sign-extended to word length, to the word data of general-purpose register reg1, and stores the result in general-purpose register reg2. The data of generalpurpose register reg1 is not affected. 52 User's Manual U12197EJ6V0UM CHAPTER 5 INSTRUCTIONS AND And Instruction format Operation Format Opcode AND reg1, reg2 GR [reg2] GR [reg2] AND GR [reg1] Format I 15 0 rrrrr001010RRRRR Flag CY OV S Z SAT Instruction Explanation - 0 1 if the result of an operation is negative; otherwise, 0. 1 if the result of an operation is 0; otherwise 0. - AND And ANDs the word data of general-purpose register reg2 with the word data of general-purpose register reg1, and stores the result in general-purpose register reg2. The data of generalpurpose register reg1 is not affected. User's Manual U12197EJ6V0UM 53 CHAPTER 5 INSTRUCTIONS ANDI And Immediate Instruction format Operation Format Opcode ANDI imm16, reg1, reg2 GR [reg2] GR [reg1] AND zero-extend (imm16) Format VI 15 rrrrr110110RRRRR 0 31 16 iiiiiiiiiiiiiiii Flag CY OV S Z SAT - 0 0 1 if the result of an operation is 0; otherwise 0. - Instruction Explanation ANDI And Immediate (16-bit) ANDs the word data of general-purpose register reg1 with the value of the 16-bit immediate data, zero-extended to word length, and stores the result in general-purpose register reg2. The data of general-purpose register reg1 is not affected. 54 User's Manual U12197EJ6V0UM CHAPTER 5 INSTRUCTIONS Bcond Branch on Condition Code Instruction format Operation Bcond disp9 if conditions are satisfied then PC PC + sign-extend (disp9) Format Opcode Format III 15 ddddd1011dddcccc dddddddd is the higher 8 bits of disp9. 0 Flag CY OV S Z SAT - - - - - Instruction Explanation Bcond Branch on Condition Code with 9-bit displacement Tests the condition flag specified by the instruction. Branches if the specified condition is satisfied; otherwise, executes the next instruction. The branch destination PC holds the sum of the current PC value and 9-bit displacement, which is 8-bit immediate shifted 1 bit and signextended to word length. Remark Bit 0 of the 9-bit displacement is masked to 0. The current PC value used for calculation is the address of the first byte of this instruction. If the displacement value is 0, therefore, the branch destination is this instruction itself. User's Manual U12197EJ6V0UM 55 CHAPTER 5 INSTRUCTIONS Table 5-8. Conditional Branch Instructions Condition Code (cccc) 1111 1110 0110 0111 1011 1001 0001 0011 0010 1010 0000 1000 0100 1100 0001 1001 0010 1010 0101 1101 Instruction Signed integer BGT BGE BLT BLE Unsigned integer BH BNL BL BNH Common Others BE BNE BV BNV BN BP BC BNC BZ BNZ BR BSA Caution Status of Condition Flag ( (S xor OV) or Z) = 0 (S xor OV) = 0 (S xor OV) = 1 ( (S xor OV) or Z) = 1 (CY or Z) = 0 CY = 0 CY = 1 (CY or Z) = 1 Z=1 Z=0 OV = 1 OV = 0 S=1 S=0 CY = 1 CY = 0 Z=1 Z=0 - SAT = 1 Branch Condition Greater than signed Greater than or equal signed Less than signed Less than or equal signed Higher (Greater than) Not lower (Greater than or equal) Lower (Less than) Not higher (Less than or equal) Equal Not equal Overflow No overflow Negative Positive Carry No carry Zero Not zero Always (unconditional) Saturated If executing a conditional branch instruction of a signed integer (BGT, BGE, BLT, or BLE) when the SAT flag is set to 1 as a result of executing a saturated operation instruction, the branch condition loses its meaning. In ordinary arithmetic operations, if an overflow condition occurs, the S flag is inverted (0 1 or 1 0). This is because the result is a negative value if it exceeds the maximum positive value and it is a positive value if it exceeds the maximum negative value. However, when a saturated operation instruction is executed, and if the result exceeds the maximum positive value, the result is saturated with a positive value; if the result exceeds the maximum negative value, the result is saturated with a negative value. Unlike the ordinary operation, therefore, the S flag is not inverted even if an overflow occurs. Hence, the S flag of the PSW is affected differently when the instruction is a saturate operation, as opposed to an ordinary arithmetic operation. A branch condition which is an XOR of the S and OV flags will therefore have no meaning. 56 User's Manual U12197EJ6V0UM CHAPTER 5 INSTRUCTIONS BSH Byte Swap Half-word Instruction format Operation Format Opcode BSH reg2, reg3 GR [reg3] GR [reg2] (23:16) || GR [reg2] (31:24) || GR [reg2] (7:0) || GR [reg2] (15:8) Format XII 15 rrrrr11111100000 0 31 16 wwwww01101000010 Flag CY OV S Z SAT 1 if one or more bytes in result halfword is 0; otherwise 0. 0 1 if the result of the operation is negative; otherwise, 0. 1 if the result of the operation is 0; otherwise, 0. - Instruction Explanation BSH Byte Swap Half-word Endian translation. User's Manual U12197EJ6V0UM 57 CHAPTER 5 INSTRUCTIONS BSW Byte Swap Word Instruction format Operation Format Opcode BSW reg2, reg3 GR [reg3] GR [reg2] (7:0) || GR [reg2] (15:8) || GR [reg2] (23:16) || GR [reg2] (31:24) Format XII 15 rrrrr11111100000 0 31 16 wwwww01101000000 Flag CY OV S Z SAT 1 if one or more bytes in result word is 0; otherwise 0. 0 1 if the result of the operation is negative; otherwise, 0. 1 if the result of the operation is 0; otherwise, 0. - Instruction Explanation BSW Byte Swap Word Endian translation. 58 User's Manual U12197EJ6V0UM CHAPTER 5 INSTRUCTIONS CALLT Call with Table Look Up Instruction format Operation CALLT imm6 CTPC PC + 2 (restore PC) CTPSW PSW adr CTBP + zero-extend (imm6 logically shift left by 1) PC CTBP + zero-extend (Load-memory (adr, Half-word)) Format Opcode Format II 15 0000001000iiiiii 0 Flag CY OV S Z SAT - - - - - Instruction Explanation CALLT Call with Table Look Up (1) Transfers the restore PC and PSW to CTPC and CTPSW. (2) Adds the CTBP and data of imm6, logically shifted left by 1 and zero-extended to word length, to generate a 32-bit table entry address. (3) Then loads the halfword entry data and zero-extends to word length. (4) Adds the data and CTBP to generate a 32-bit target address. (5) Then jumps it to the target address generated in (4). User's Manual U12197EJ6V0UM 59 CHAPTER 5 INSTRUCTIONS CLR1 Clear Bit Instruction format (1) CLR1 bit#3, disp16 [reg1] (2) CLR1 reg2, [reg1] Operation (1) adr GR [reg1] + sign-extend (disp16) Z flag Not (Load-memory-bit (adr, bit#3)) Store-memory-bit (adr, bit#3, 0) (2) adr GR [reg1] Z flag Not (Load-memory-bit (adr, reg2)) Store-memory-bit (adr, reg2, 0) Format (1) Format VIII (2) Format IX Opcode (1) 15 10bbb111110RRRRR 15 (2) rrrrr111111RRRRR - - - 0 31 16 dddddddddddddddd 0 31 16 0000000011100100 Flag CY OV S Z SAT 1 if bit specified by operands = 0. 0 if bit specified by operands = 1. - Instruction Explanation CLR1 Clear Bit (1) Adds the data of general-purpose register reg1 to the 16-bit displacement, sign-extended to word length, to generate a 32-bit address. Then reads the byte data referenced by the generated data, clears the bit specified by the bit number of bit 3, and writes the data to the former address. (2) Reads the data of general-purpose register reg1 to generate a 32-bit address. Then reads the byte data referenced by the generated address, clears the bit specified by the data of the lower 3 bits of reg2, and writes the data to the former address. Remark The Z flag of the PSW indicates whether the specified bit was a 0 or 1 before this instruction was executed. It does not indicate the contents of the specified bit after this instruction has been executed. 60 User's Manual U12197EJ6V0UM CHAPTER 5 INSTRUCTIONS CMOV Conditional Move Instruction format (1) CMOV cccc, reg1, reg2, reg3 (2) CMOV cccc, imm5, reg2, reg3 Operation (1) if conditions are satisfied then GR [reg3] GR [reg1] else GR [reg3] GR [reg2] (2) if conditions are satisfied then GR [reg3] sign-extend (imm5) else GR [reg3] GR [reg2] Format (1) Format XI (2) Format XII Opcode (1) 15 0 31 16 rrrrr111111RRRRR 15 0 wwwww011001cccc0 31 16 (2) Flag CY OV S Z SAT Instruction Explanation rrrrr111111iiiii - - - - - wwwww011000cccc0 CMOV Conditional Move (1) The data of general-purpose register reg1 is transferred to general-purpose register reg3 if the condition specified by condition code "cccc" is satisfied; otherwise, the data of general-purpose register reg2 is transferred. One of the codes shown in Table 5-9 Condition Codes should be specified as the condition code "cccc". (2) The data of 5-bit immediate, sign-extended to word length, is transferred to generalpurpose register reg3 if the condition specified by condition code "cccc" is satisfied; otherwise, the data of general-purpose register reg2 is transferred. One of the codes shown in Table 5-9 Condition Codes should be specified as the condition code "cccc". Remark See SETF Pages. User's Manual U12197EJ6V0UM 61 CHAPTER 5 INSTRUCTIONS CMP Compare Instruction format (1) CMP reg1, reg2 (2) CMP imm5, reg2 Operation (1) result GR [reg2] - GR [reg1] (2) result GR [reg2] - sign-extend (imm5) Format (1) Format I (2) Format II Opcode (1) 15 rrrrr001111RRRRR 15 (2) rrrrr010011iiiii 0 0 Flag CY OV S Z SAT 1 if a borrow to MSB occurs; otherwise, 0. 1 overflow occurs; otherwise 0. 1 if the result of the operation is negative; otherwise, 0. 1 if the result of the operation is 0; otherwise, 0. - Instruction (1) CMP Compare Register (2) CMP Compare Immediate (5-bit) Explanation (1) Compares the word data of general-purpose register reg2 with the word data of generalpurpose register reg1, and indicates the result by using the condition flags. To compare, the contents of general-purpose register reg1 are subtracted from the word data of general-purpose register reg2. The data of general-purpose registers reg1 and reg2 are not affected. (2) Compares the word data of general-purpose register reg2 with 5-bit immediate data, signextended to word length, and indicates the result by using the condition flags. To compare, the contents of the sign-extended immediate data are subtracted from the word data of general-purpose register reg2. The data of general-purpose register reg2 is not affected. 62 User's Manual U12197EJ6V0UM CHAPTER 5 INSTRUCTIONS CTRET Return from CALLT Instruction format Operation CTRET PC CTPC PSW CTPSW Format Opcode Format X 15 0000011111100000 Flag CY OV S Z SAT Instruction Explanation 0 31 16 0000000101000100 Value read from CTPSW is restored. Value read from CTPSW is restored. Value read from CTPSW is restored. Value read from CTPSW is restored. Value read from CTPSW is restored. CTRET Return from CALLT This instruction restores the restore PC and PSW from the appropriate system register and returns from a routine called by CALLT. The operations of this instruction are as follows. (1) The restore PC and PSW are read from CTPC and CTPSW. (2) Once the PC and PSW are restored in the return values, control is transferred to the return address. User's Manual U12197EJ6V0UM 63 CHAPTER 5 INSTRUCTIONS DI Disable Interrupt Instruction format Operation Format Opcode DI PSW.ID 1 (Disables maskable interrupt) Format X 15 0000011111100000 0 31 16 0000000101100000 Flag CY OV S Z SAT ID - - - - - 1 Instruction Explanation DI Disable Interrupt Sets the ID flag of the PSW to 1 to disable the acknowledgement of maskable interrupts during execution of this instruction. Remark Interrupts are not sampled during execution of this instruction. The ID flag actually becomes valid at the start of the next instruction. affected by this instruction. But because interrupts are not sampled during instruction execution, interrupts are immediately disabled. Non-maskable interrupts are not 64 User's Manual U12197EJ6V0UM CHAPTER 5 INSTRUCTIONS DISPOSE Function Dispose Instruction format (1) DISPOSE imm5, list12 (2) DISPOSE imm5, list12, [reg1] Operation (1) sp sp + zero-extend (imm5 logically shift left by 2) GR [reg in list12] Load-memory (sp, Word) sp sp + 4 repeat 2 steps above until all regs in list12 are loaded (2) sp sp + zero-extend (imm5 logically shift left by 2) GR [reg in list12] Load-memory (sp, Word) sp sp + 4 repeat 2 states above until all regs in list12 are loaded PC GR[reg1] Format Opcode Format XIII 15 (1) 0000011001iiiiiL 15 (2) 0000011001iiiiiL 0 0 31 16 LLLLLLLLLLL00000 31 16 LLLLLLLLLLLRRRRR RRRRR must not be 00000. The bit assignment of list12 is shown below 15 0 31 28 27 24 23 21 16 ---- ---- ---- ---3 ---- ---- ---- ---0 Flag CY OV S Z SAT Instruction Explanation - - - - - 2222 2222 223- ---4567 0123 891- ---- DISPOSE Function Dispose (1) Adds the data of 5-bit immediate imm5, logically shifted left by 2 and zero-extended to word length, to sp. Then pops the (loads data from the address specified by sp and adds 4 to sp) general-purpose registers listed in list12. Bit 0 of the address is masked by 0. (2) Adds the data of 5-bit immediate imm5, logically shifted left by 2 and zero-extended to word length, to sp. Then pops (loads data from the address specified by sp and adds 4 to sp) the general-purpose registers listed in list12, and transfers control to the address specified by general-purpose register reg1. Bit 0 of the address is masked by 0. User's Manual U12197EJ6V0UM 65 CHAPTER 5 INSTRUCTIONS Remark General-purpose registers in list12 are loaded in the downward direction. (r31, r30, ... r20) The 5-bit immediate imm5 is used to restore a stack frame for auto variables and temporary data. The lower 2 bits of the address specified by sp are always masked by 0 even if misalign access is enabled. If an interrupt occurs while this instruction is being executed, execution is aborted, and the interrupt is processed. Upon returning from the interrupt, execution is restarted. Also, sp will retain its original value prior to the start of execution. 66 User's Manual U12197EJ6V0UM CHAPTER 5 INSTRUCTIONS DIV Divide Word Instruction format Operation DIV reg1, reg2, reg3 GR [reg2] GR [reg2] / GR [reg1] GR [reg3] GR [reg2] % GR [reg1] Format Opcode Format XI 15 rrrrr111111RRRRR 0 31 16 wwwww01011000000 Flag CY OV S Z SAT - 1 if overflow occurs; otherwise, 0. 1 if the result of an operation is negative; otherwise, 0. 1 if the result of an operation is 0; otherwise, 0. - Instruction Explanation DIV Divide Word Divides the word data of general-purpose register reg2 by the word data of general-purpose register reg1, and stores the quotient in general-purpose register reg2, and the remainder in general-purpose register reg3. If the data is divided by 0, an overflow occurs, and the quotient is undefined. The data of general-purpose register reg1 is not affected. Remark An overflow occurs when the maximum negative value (80000000H) is divided by -1 (in which case the quotient is 80000000H) and when data is divided by 0 (in which case the quotient is undefined). If an interrupt occurs while this instruction is being executed, division is aborted, and the interrupt is processed. Upon returning from the interrupt, the division is restarted from the beginning, with the return address being the address of this instruction. Also, general-purpose registers reg1 and reg2 will retain their original values prior to the start of execution. If the address of reg2 is the same as the address of reg3, the remainder is stored in reg2 (=reg3). User's Manual U12197EJ6V0UM 67 CHAPTER 5 INSTRUCTIONS DIVH Divide Half-word Instruction format (1) DIVH reg1, reg2 (2) DIVH reg1, reg2, reg3 Operation (1) GR [reg2] GR [reg2] / GR [reg1] (2) GR [reg2] GR [reg2] / GR [reg1] GR [reg3] GR [reg2] % GR [reg1] Format (1) Format I (2) Format XI Opcode (1) 15 0 rrrrr000010RRRRR 15 0 31 16 (2) Flag CY OV S Z SAT Instruction Explanation rrrrr111111RRRRR - wwwww01010000000 1 if overflow occurs; otherwise, 0. 1 if the result of an operation is negative; otherwise, 0. 1 if the result of an operation is 0; otherwise, 0. - DIVH Divide Half-word (1) Divides the word data of general-purpose register reg2 by the lower halfword data of general-purpose register reg1, and stores the quotient in general-purpose register reg2. If the data is divided by 0, an overflow occurs, and the quotient is undefined. The data of general-purpose register reg1 is not affected. (2) Divides the word data of general-purpose register reg2 by the lower halfword data of general-purpose register reg1, and stores the quotient in general-purpose register reg2, and the remainder in general-purpose register reg3. is not affected. If the data is divided by 0, an overflow occurs, and the quotient is undefined. The data of general-purpose register reg1 Remark (1) The remainder is not stored. An overflow occurs when the maximum negative value (80000000H) is divided by -1 (in which case the quotient is 80000000H) and when data is divided by 0 (in which case the quotient is undefined). If an interrupt occurs while this instruction is being executed, division is aborted, and the interrupt is processed. Upon returning from the interrupt, the division is restarted from the beginning, with the return address being the address of this instruction. Also, generalpurpose registers reg1 and reg2 will retain their original values prior to the start of 68 User's Manual U12197EJ6V0UM CHAPTER 5 INSTRUCTIONS execution. Do not specify r0 as the destination register reg2. The higher 16 bits of general-purpose register reg1 are ignored when division is executed. (2) An overflow occurs when the maximum negative value (80000000H) is divided by -1 (in which case the quotient is 80000000H) and when data is divided by 0 (in which case the quotient is undefined). If an interrupt occurs while this instruction is being executed, division is aborted, and the interrupt is processed. Upon returning from the interrupt, the division is restarted from the beginning, with the return address being the address of this instruction. Also, generalpurpose registers reg1 and reg2 will retain their original values prior to the start of execution. The higher 16 bits of general-purpose register reg1 are ignored when division is executed. If the address of reg2 is the same as the address of reg3, the remainder is stored in reg2 (=reg3). User's Manual U12197EJ6V0UM 69 CHAPTER 5 INSTRUCTIONS DIVHU Divide Half-word Unsigned Instruction format Operation DIVHU reg1, reg2, reg3 GR [reg2] GR [reg2] / GR [reg1] GR [reg3] GR [reg2] % GR [reg1] Format Opcode Format XI 15 rrrrr111111RRRRR 0 31 16 wwwww01010000010 Flag CY OV S Z SAT - 1 if overflow occurs; otherwise, 0. 1 if the result of an operation is negative; otherwise, 0. 1 if the result of an operation is 0; otherwise, 0. - Instruction Explanation DIVH Divide Half-word Unsigned Divides the word data of general-purpose register reg2 by the lower halfword data of generalpurpose register reg1, and stores the quotient in general-purpose register reg2, and the remainder in general-purpose register reg3. If the data is divided by 0, an overflow occurs, and the quotient is undefined. The data of general-purpose register reg1 is not affected. Remark An overflow occurs when data is divided by 0 (in which case the quotient is undefined). If an interrupt occurs while this instruction is being executed, division is aborted, and the interrupt is processed. Upon returning from the interrupt, the division is restarted from the beginning, with the return address being the address of this instruction. Also, general-purpose registers reg1 and reg2 will retain their original values prior to the start of execution. If the address of reg2 is the same as the address of reg3, the remainder is stored in reg2 (=reg3). 70 User's Manual U12197EJ6V0UM CHAPTER 5 INSTRUCTIONS DIVU Divide Word Unsigned Instruction format Operation DIVU reg1, reg2, reg3 GR [reg2] GR [reg2] / GR [reg1] GR [reg3] GR [reg2] % GR [reg1] Format Opcode Format XI 15 rrrrr111111RRRRR 0 31 16 wwwww01011000010 Flag CY OV S Z SAT - 1 if overflow occurs; otherwise, 0. 1 if the result of an operation is negative; otherwise, 0. 1 if the result of an operation is 0; otherwise, 0. - Instruction Explanation DIVH Divide Word Unsigned Divides the word data of general-purpose register reg2 by the word data of general-purpose register reg1, and stores the quotient in general-purpose register reg2, and the remainder to general-purpose register reg3. If the data is divided by 0, overflow occurs, and the quotient is undefined. The data of general-purpose register reg1 is not affected. Remark An overflow occurs when data is divided by 0 (in which case the quotient is undefined). If an interrupt occurs while this instruction is being executed, division is aborted, and the interrupt is processed. Upon returning from the interrupt, the division is restarted from the beginning, with the return address being the address of this instruction. Also, general-purpose registers reg1 and reg2 will retain their original values prior to the start of execution. If the address of reg2 is the same as the address of reg3, the remainder is stored in reg2 (=reg3). User's Manual U12197EJ6V0UM 71 CHAPTER 5 INSTRUCTIONS EI Enable Interrupt Instruction format Operation Format Opcode EI PSW.ID 0 (enables maskable interrupt) Format X 15 1000011111100000 0 31 16 0000000101100000 Flag CY OV S Z SAT ID - - - - - 0 Instruction Explanation EI Enable Interrupt Resets the ID flag of the PSW to 0 and enables the acknowledgement of maskable interrupts beginning at the next instruction. Remark Interrupts are not sampled during instruction execution. 72 User's Manual U12197EJ6V0UM CHAPTER 5 INSTRUCTIONS HALT Halt Instruction format Operation. Format Opcode HALT Halts Format X 15 0000011111100000 0 31 16 0000000100100000 Flag CY OV S Z SAT - - - - - Instruction Explanation Remark HALT Halt Stops the operating clock of the CPU and places the CPU in the HALT mode. The HALT mode is released by any of the following three events. * RESET input * NMI input * Maskable interrupt request that is not masked If an interrupt is acknowledged during the HALT mode, the address of the following instruction is stored in EIPC or FEPC. User's Manual U12197EJ6V0UM 73 CHAPTER 5 INSTRUCTIONS HSW Half-word Swap Word Instruction format Operation Format Opcode HSW reg2, reg3 GR [reg3] GR [reg2] (15:0) || GR [reg2] (31:16) Format XII 15 rrrrr11111100000 0 31 16 wwwww01101000100 Flag CY OV S Z SAT 1 if one or more halfwords in result word is 0; otherwise 0. 0 1 if the result of the operation is negative; otherwise, 0. 1 if the result of the operation is 0; otherwise, 0. - Instruction Explanation HSW Half-word Swap Word Endian translation. 74 User's Manual U12197EJ6V0UM CHAPTER 5 INSTRUCTIONS JARL Jump and Register Link Instruction format Operation JARL disp22, reg2 GR [reg2] PC + 4 PC PC + sign-extend (disp22) Format Opcode Format V 15 rrrrr11110dddddd 0 31 16 ddddddddddddddd0 ddddddddddddddddddddd is the higher 21 bits of disp22. Flag CY OV S Z SAT Instruction Explanation - - - - - JARL Jump and Register Link Saves the current PC value plus 4 to general-purpose register reg2, adds the current PC value and 22-bit displacement, sign-extended to word length, and transfers control to the PC. Bit 0 of the 22-bit displacement is masked by 0. Remark The current PC value used for calculation is the address of the first byte of this instruction. If the displacement value is 0, the branch destination is this instruction itself. This instruction is equivalent to a call subroutine instruction, and stores the restore PC address in general-purpose register reg2. The JMP instruction, which is equivalent to a subroutinereturn instruction, can be used to specify the general-purpose register storing the restore PC as general-purpose register reg1. User's Manual U12197EJ6V0UM 75 CHAPTER 5 INSTRUCTIONS JMP Jump Register Instruction format Operation Format Opcode JMP [reg1] PC GR [reg1] Format I 15 00000000011RRRRR 0 Flag CY OV S Z SAT - - - - - Instruction Explanation JMP Jump Register Transfers control to the address specified by general-purpose register reg1. address is masked by 0. Bit 0 of the Remark When using this instruction as the subroutine-return instruction, specify the restore PC using general-purpose register reg1. When using the JARL instruction, which is equivalent to the subroutine-call instruction, store the restore PC address in general-purpose register reg2. 76 User's Manual U12197EJ6V0UM CHAPTER 5 INSTRUCTIONS JR Jump Relative Instruction format Operation Format Opcode JR disp22 PC PC + sign-extend (disp22) Format V 15 0000011110dddddd 0 31 16 ddddddddddddddd0 ddddddddddddddddddddd is the higher 21 bits of disp22. Flag CY OV S Z SAT Instruction Explanation - - - - - JR Jump Relative Adds the 22-bit displacement, sign-extended to word length, to the current PC value and stores the value in the PC, and then transfers control to the PC. displacement is masked by 0. Bit 0 of the 22-bit Remark The current PC value used for the calculation is the address of the first byte of this instruction itself. Therefore, if the displacement value is 0, the jump destination is this instruction. User's Manual U12197EJ6V0UM 77 CHAPTER 5 INSTRUCTIONS LD Load Instruction format (1) LD.B disp16 [reg1], reg2 (2) LD.H disp16 [reg1], reg2 (3) LD.W disp16 [reg1], reg2 (4) LD.BU disp16 [reg1], reg2 (5) LD.HU disp16 [reg1], reg2 Operation (1) adr GR [reg1] + sign-extend (disp16) GR [reg2] sign-extend (Load-memory (adr, Byte)) (2) adr GR [reg1] + sign-extend (disp16) GR [reg2] sign-extend (Load-memory (adr, Half-word)) (3) adr GR [reg1] + sign-extend (disp16) GR [reg2] Load-memory (adr, Word) (4) adr GR [reg1] + sign-extend (disp16) GR [reg2] zero-extend (Load-memory (adr, Byte)) (5) adr GR [reg1] + sign-extend (disp16) GR [reg2] zero-extend (Load-memory (adr, Half-word)) Format Opcode Format VII 15 (1) rrrrr111000RRRRR 15 (2) rrrrr111001RRRRR 0 0 31 16 dddddddddddddddd 31 16 ddddddddddddddd0 ddddddddddddddd is the higher 15 bits of disp16. 15 (3) rrrrr111001RRRRR 0 31 16 ddddddddddddddd1 ddddddddddddddd is the higher 15 bits of disp16. 15 (4) rrrrr11110bRRRRR 0 31 16 ddddddddddddddd1 ddddddddddddddd is the higher 15 bits of disp16, b is the bit 0 of disp 16. 78 User's Manual U12197EJ6V0UM CHAPTER 5 INSTRUCTIONS 15 (5) rrrrr111111RRRRR 0 31 16 ddddddddddddddd1 ddddddddddddddd is the higher 15 bits of disp16. Flag CY OV S Z SAT - - - - - Instruction (1) LD.B Load Byte (2) LD.H Load Half-word (3) LD.W Load Word (4) LD.BU Load Byte Unsigned (5) LD.HU Load Half-word Unsigned Explanation (1) Adds the data of general-purpose register reg1 to a 16-bit displacement sign-extended to word length to generate a 32-bit address. Byte data is read from the generated address, sign-extended to word length, and stored in general-purpose register reg2. (2) Adds the data of general-purpose register reg1 to a 16-bit displacement sign-extended to word length to generate a 32-bit address. Halfword data is read from this 32-bit address with its bit 0 masked by 0, sign-extended to word length, and stored in general-purpose register reg2. (3) Adds the data of general-purpose register reg1 to a 16-bit displacement sign-extended to word length to generate a 32-bit address. Word data is read from this 32-bit address with bits 0 and 1 masked by 0, and stored in general-purpose register reg2. (4) Adds the data of general-purpose register reg1 to a 16-bit displacement sign-extended to word length to generate a 32-bit address. Byte data is read from the generated address, zero-extended to word length, and stored in general-purpose register reg2. Do not specify r0 as the destination register reg2. (5) Adds the data of general-purpose register reg1 to a 16-bit displacement sign-extended to word length to generate a 32-bit address. Halfword data is read from this 32-bit address with its bit 0 masked by 0, zero-extended to word length, and stored in general-purpose register reg2. Do not specify r0 as the destination register reg2. Caution The result of adding the data of general-purpose register reg1 and the 16-bit displacement sign-extended to word length is as follows. * Lower bits are not masked and address is generated. User's Manual U12197EJ6V0UM 79 CHAPTER 5 INSTRUCTIONS LDSR Load to System Register Instruction format Operation Format Opcode LDSR reg2, regID SR [regID] GR [reg2] Format IX 15 rrrrr111111RRRRR Remark 0 31 16 0000000000100000 The fields used to define reg1 and reg2 are swapped in this instruction. Normally, "RRR" is used for reg1 and is the source operand while "rrr" signifies reg2 and is the destination operand. In this instruction, "RRR" is still the source operand, but is represented by reg2, while "rrr" is the special register destination, as labeled below. rrrrr: regID specification RRRRR: reg2 specification Flag CY OV S Z SAT - (Refer to Remark below.) - (Refer to Remark below.) - (Refer to Remark below.) - (Refer to Remark below.) - (Refer to Remark below.) Instruction Explanation LDSR Load to System Register Loads the word data of general-purpose register reg2 to a system register specified by the system register number (regID). The data of general-purpose register reg2 is not affected. Remark If the system register number (regID) is equal to 5 (PSW register), the values of the corresponding bits of the PSW are set according to the contents of reg2. This only affects the flag bits, and the reserved bits remain 0. Also, interrupts are not sampled when the PSW is being written with a new value. If the ID flag is enabled with this instruction, interrupt disabling begins at the start of execution, even though the ID flag does not become valid until the beginning of the next instruction. Caution The system register number regID is a number which identifies a system register. Accessing system registers which are reserved or write-prohibited is prohibited and will lead to undefined results. 80 User's Manual U12197EJ6V0UM CHAPTER 5 INSTRUCTIONS MOV Move Instruction format (1) MOV reg1, reg2 (2) MOV imm5, reg2 (3) MOV imm32, reg1 Operation (1) GR [reg2] GR [reg1] (2) GR [reg2] sign-extend (imm5) (3) GR [reg1] imm32 Format (1) Format I (2) Format II (3) Format VI Opcode (1) 15 0 rrrrr000000RRRRR 15 0 (2) rrrrr010000iiiii 15 (3) 0 31 16 47 32 00000110001RRRRR iiiiiiiiiiiiiiii IIIIIIIIIIIIIIII i (bits 31 to 16) refers to the lower 16 bits of 32-bit immediate data. I (bits 47 to 32) refers to the higher 16 bits of 32-bit immediate data. Flag CY OV S Z SAT Instruction - - - - - (1) MOV Move Register (2) MOV Move Immediate (5-bit) (3) MOV Move Immediate (32-bit) Explanation (1) Transfers the word data of general-purpose register reg1 to general-purpose register reg2. The data of general-purpose register reg1 is not affected. (2) Transfers the value of a 5-bit immediate data, sign-extended to word length, to generalpurpose register reg2. Do not specify r0 as the destination register reg2. (3) Transfers the value of a 32-bit immediate data to general-purpose register reg1. User's Manual U12197EJ6V0UM 81 CHAPTER 5 INSTRUCTIONS MOVEA Move Effective Address Instruction format Operation Format Opcode MOVEA imm16, reg1, reg2 GR [reg2] GR [reg1] + sign-extend (imm16) Format VI 15 rrrrr110001RRRRR 0 31 16 iiiiiiiiiiiiiiii Flag CY OV S Z SAT - - - - - Instruction Explanation MOVEA Move Effective Address Adds the 16-bit immediate data, sign-extended to word length, to the word data of generalpurpose register reg1, and stores the result in general-purpose register reg2. The data of general-purpose register reg1 is not affected. The flags are not affected by the addition. Do not specify r0 as the destination register reg2. Remark This instruction calculates a 32-bit address and stores the result without affecting the PSW flags. 82 User's Manual U12197EJ6V0UM CHAPTER 5 INSTRUCTIONS MOVHI Move High Half-word Instruction format Operation Format Opcode MOVHI imm16, reg1, reg2 GR [reg2] GR [reg1] + (imm16 II 016) Format VI 15 rrrrr110010RRRRR 0 31 16 iiiiiiiiiiiiiiii Flag CY OV S Z SAT - - - - - Instruction Explanation MOVHI Move High half-word Adds a word value, whose higher 16 bits are specified by the 16-bit immediate data and lower 16 bits are 0, to the word data of general-purpose register reg1 and stores the result in general-purpose register reg2. The data of general-purpose register reg1 is not affected. The flags are not affected by the addition. Do not specify r0 as the destination register reg2. Remark This instruction is used to generate the higher 16 bits of a 32-bit address. User's Manual U12197EJ6V0UM 83 CHAPTER 5 INSTRUCTIONS MUL Multiply Word Instruction format (1) MUL reg1, reg2, reg3 (2) MUL imm9, reg2, reg3 Operation (1) GR [reg3] || GR [reg2] GR [reg2] x GR [reg1] (2) GR [reg3] || GR [reg2] GR [reg2] x sign-extend (imm9) Format (1) Format XI (2) Format XII Opcode (1) 15 rrrrr111111RRRRR 15 (2) rrrrr111111iiiii 0 31 16 wwwww01000100000 0 31 16 wwwww01001IIII00 iiiii is the lower 5 bits of 9-bit immediate data. IIII is the higher 4 bits of 9-bit immediate data. Flag CY OV S Z SAT Instruction - - - - - (1) MUL Multiply Word by Register (2) MUL Multiply Word by Immediate (9-bit) Explanation (1) Multiplies the word data of general-purpose register reg2 by the word data of generalpurpose register reg1, and stores the result in general-purpose register reg2 and reg3 as double word data. The data of general-purpose register reg1 is not affected. (2) Multiplies the word data of general-purpose register reg2 by a 9-bit immediate data, signextended to word length, and stores the result in general-purpose registers reg2 and reg3. Remark The higher 32 bits of the result are stored in general-purpose register reg3. If the address of reg2 is the same as the address of reg3, the higher 32 bits of the result are stored in reg2 (=reg3) 84 User's Manual U12197EJ6V0UM CHAPTER 5 INSTRUCTIONS MULH Multiply Half-word Instruction format (1) MULH reg1, reg2 (2) MULH imm5, reg2 Operation (1) GR [reg2] (32) GR [reg2] (16) x GR [reg1] (16) (2) GR [reg2] GR [reg2] x sign-extend (imm5) Format (1) Format I (2) Format II Opcode (1) 15 0 rrrrr000111RRRRR 15 0 (2) rrrrr010111iiiii Flag CY OV S Z SAT - - - - - Instruction (1) MULH Multiply Half-word by Register (2) MULH Multiply Half-word by Immediate (5-bit) Explanation (1) Multiplies the lower halfword data of general-purpose register reg2 by the halfword data of general-purpose register reg1, and stores the result in general-purpose register reg2 as word data. The data of general-purpose register reg1 is not affected. Do not specify r0 as the destination register reg2. (2) Multiplies the lower halfword data of general-purpose register reg2 by a 5-bit immediate data, sign-extended to halfword length, and stores the result in general-purpose register reg2. Do not specify r0 as the destination register reg2. Remark The higher 16 bits of general-purpose registers reg1 and reg2 are ignored in this operation. User's Manual U12197EJ6V0UM 85 CHAPTER 5 INSTRUCTIONS MULHI Multiply Half-word Immediate Instruction format Operation Format Opcode MULHI imm16, reg1, reg2 GR [reg2] GR [reg1] x imm16 Format VI 15 rrrrr110111RRRRR 0 31 16 iiiiiiiiiiiiiiii Flag CY OV S Z SAT - - - - - Instruction Explanation MULHI Multiply Half-word by immediate (16-bit) Multiplies the lower halfword data of general-purpose register reg1 by the 16-bit immediate data, and stores the result in general-purpose register reg2. The data of general-purpose register reg1 is not affected. Do not specify r0 as the destination register reg2. Remark The higher 16 bits of general-purpose register reg1 are ignored in this operation. 86 User's Manual U12197EJ6V0UM CHAPTER 5 INSTRUCTIONS MULU Multiply Word Unsigned Instruction format (1) MULU reg1, reg2, reg3 (2) MULU imm9, reg2, reg3 Operation (1) GR [reg3] || GR [reg2] GR [reg2] x GR [reg1] (2) GR [reg3] || GR [reg2] GR [reg2] x zero-extend (imm9) Format (1) Format XI (2) Format XII Opcode (1) 15 rrrrr111111RRRRR 15 (2) rrrrr111111iiiii 0 31 16 wwwww01000100010 0 31 16 wwwww01001IIII10 iiiii is the lower 5 bits of 9-bit immediate data. IIII is the higher 4 bits of 9-bit immediate data. Flag CY OV S Z SAT Instruction - - - - - (1) MULU Multiply Word by Register (2) MULU Multiply Word by Immediate (9-bit) Explanation (1) Multiplies the word data of general-purpose register reg2 by the word data of generalpurpose register reg1, and stores the result in general-purpose registers reg2 and reg3 as double word data. The data of general-purpose register reg1 is not affected. (2) Multiplies the word data of general-purpose register reg2 by a 9-bit immediate data, zeroextended to word length, and stores the result in general-purpose registers reg2 and reg3. Remark The higher 32 bits of the result are stored in general-purpose register reg3. If the address of reg2 is the same as the address of reg3, the higher 32 bits of the result are stored in reg2 (=reg3). User's Manual U12197EJ6V0UM 87 CHAPTER 5 INSTRUCTIONS NOP No Operation Instruction format Operation Format Opcode NOP Executes nothing and consumes at least one clock. Format I 15 0000000000000000 0 Flag CY OV S Z SAT - - - - - Instruction Explanation Remark NOP No Operation Executes nothing and consumes at least one clock cycle. The contents of the PC are incremented by two. The opcode is the same as that of MOV r0, r0. 88 User's Manual U12197EJ6V0UM CHAPTER 5 INSTRUCTIONS NOT Not Instruction format Operation Format Opcode NOT reg1, reg2 GR [reg2] NOT (GR [reg1]) Format I 15 rrrrr000001RRRRR 0 Flag CY OV S Z SAT - 0 1 if the result of an operation is negative; otherwise, 0. 1 if the result of an operation is 0; otherwise, 0. - Instruction Explanation NOT Not Logically negates (takes the 1's complement of) the word data of general-purpose register reg1, and stores the result in general-purpose register reg2. The data of general-purpose register reg1 is not affected. User's Manual U12197EJ6V0UM 89 CHAPTER 5 INSTRUCTIONS NOT1 Not Bit Instruction format (1) NOT1 bit#3, disp16 [reg1] (2) NOT1 reg2, [reg1] Operation (1) adr GR [reg1] + sign-extend (disp16) Z flag Not (Load-memory-bit (adr, bit#3)) Store-memory-bit (adr, bit#3, Z flag) (2) adr GR [reg1] Z flag Not (Load-memory-bit (adr, reg2)) Store-memory-bit (adr, reg2, Z flag) Format (1) Format VIII (2) Format IX Opcode (1) 15 01bbb111110RRRRR 15 (2) rrrrr111111RRRRR - - - 0 31 16 dddddddddddddddd 0 31 16 0000000011100010 Flag CY OV S Z SAT 1 if bit specified by operands = 0. 0 if bit specified by operands = 1. - Instruction Explanation NOT1 Not Bit (1) Adds the data of general-purpose register reg1 to a 16-bit displacement, sign-extended to word length, to generate a 32-bit address. Then reads the byte data referenced by the generated address, inverts the bit specified by the 3-bit field "bbb", and writes the data to the previous address. (2) Reads the data of general-purpose register reg1 to generate a 32-bit address. Then reads the byte data referenced by the generated address, inverts the bit specified by the data of the lower 3 bits of reg2, and writes the data to the previous address. Remark The Z flag of the PSW indicates whether the specified bit was 0 or 1 before this instruction was executed, and does not indicate the contents of the specified bit after this instruction has been executed. 90 User's Manual U12197EJ6V0UM CHAPTER 5 INSTRUCTIONS OR Or Instruction format Operation Format Opcode OR reg1, reg2 GR [reg2] GR [reg2] OR GR [reg1] Format I 15 rrrrr001000RRRRR 0 Flag CY OV S Z SAT - 0 1 if the result of an operation is negative; otherwise, 0. 1 if the result of an operation is 0; otherwise, 0. - Instruction Explanation OR Or ORs the word data of general-purpose register reg2 with the word data of general-purpose register reg1, and stores the result in general-purpose register reg2. The data of generalpurpose register reg1 is not affected. User's Manual U12197EJ6V0UM 91 CHAPTER 5 INSTRUCTIONS ORI Or Immediate Instruction format Operation Format Opcode ORI imm16, reg1, reg2 GR [reg2] GR [reg1] OR zero-extend (imm16) Format VI 15 rrrrr110100RRRRR 0 31 16 iiiiiiiiiiiiiiii Flag CY OV S Z SAT - 0 1 if the result of an operation is negative; otherwise, 0. 1 if the result of an operation is 0; otherwise, 0. - Instruction Explanation OR Or immediate (16-bit) ORs the word data of general-purpose register reg1 with the value of the 16-bit immediate data, zero-extended to word length, and stores the result in general-purpose register reg2. The data of general-purpose register reg1 is not affected. 92 User's Manual U12197EJ6V0UM CHAPTER 5 INSTRUCTIONS PREPARE Function Prepare Instruction format (1) PREPARE list12, imm5 (2) PREPARE list12, imm5, sp / imm Note Note sp / imm is specified by sub-opcode bits 20 and 19. Operation (1) Store-memory (sp - 4, GR [reg in list12], Word) sp sp - 4 repeat 1 step above until all regs in list12 is stored sp sp - zero-extend (imm5) (2) Store-memory (sp - 4, GR [reg in list12], Word) sp sp - 4 repeat 1 step above until all regs in list12 is stored sp sp - zero-extend (imm5) ep sp / imm Format Opcode Format XIII 15 (1) 0000011110iiiiiL 15 (2) 0000011110iiiiiL 0 0 31 16 LLLLLLLLLLL00001 31 16 Optional(47-32 or 63-32) imm16 / imm32 LLLLLLLLLLLff011 In the case of 32-bit immediate data (imm32), bits 47 to 32 are the lower 16 bits of imm32, bits 63 to 48 are the higher 16 bits of imm32. ff = 00: Load sp to ep 01: Load 16-bit immediate data (bit 47 to 32), sign-extended, to ep 10: Load 16-bit immediate data (bit 47 to 32), logically shifted left by 16, to ep 11: Load 32-bit immediate data (bit 63 to 32) to ep Bit assignment of list12 is below 15 0 31 28 27 24 23 21 16 ---- ---- ---- ---3 ---- ---- ---- ---0 Flag CY OV S Z SAT Instruction Explanation - - - - - 2222 2222 223- ---4567 0123 891- ---- PREPARE Function Prepare (1) Pushes (subtracts 4 from sp and stores the data in that address) the general-purpose registers listed in list12. Then subtracts the data of 5-bit immediate imm5, logically shifted left by 2 and zero-extended to word length, from sp. User's Manual U12197EJ6V0UM 93 CHAPTER 5 INSTRUCTIONS (2) Pushes (subtracts 4 from sp and stores the data in that address) the general-purpose registers listed in list12. Then subtracts the data of 5-bit immediate imm5, logically shifted left by 2 and zero-extended to word length, from sp. Next, load the data specified by 3rd operand to ep. Remark The general-purpose registers in list12 are stored in the upward direction. (r20, r21, ... r31) The 5-bit immediate imm5 is used to make a stack frame for auto variables and temporary data. The lower 2 bits of the address specified by sp are always masked by 0 even if misalign access is enabled. If an interrupt occurs while this instruction is being executed, execution is aborted, and the interrupt is processed. Upon returning from the interrupt, execution is restarted. Also, sp and ep will retain their original values prior to the start of execution. 94 User's Manual U12197EJ6V0UM CHAPTER 5 INSTRUCTIONS RETI Return from Trap or Interrupt Instruction format Operation RETI if PSW.EP = 1 then PC EIPC PSW EIPSW else if PSW.NP = 1 then PC else PC FEPC EIPC PSW FEPSW PSW EIPSW Format Opcode Format X 15 0000011111100000 0 31 16 0000000101000000 Flag CY OV S Z SAT Value read from FEPSW or EIPSW is restored. Value read from FEPSW or EIPSW is restored. Value read from FEPSW or EIPSW is restored. Value read from FEPSW or EIPSW is restored. Value read from FEPSW or EIPSW is restored. Instruction Explanation RETI Return from Trap or Interrupt This instruction reads the restore PC and PSW from the appropriate system register, and operation returns from an exception or interrupt routine. The operations of this instruction are as follows. (1) If the EP flag of the PSW is 1, the restore PC and PSW are read from EIPC and EIPSW, regardless of the status of the NP flag of the PSW. If the EP flag of the PSW is 0 and the NP flag of the PSW is 1, the restore PC and PSW are read from FEPC and FEPSW. If the EP flag of the PSW is 0 and the NP flag of the PSW is 0, the restore PC and PSW are read from EIPC and EIPSW. (2) Once the restore PC and PSW values are set to the PC and PSW, the operation returns to the address immediately before the trap or interrupt occurred. User's Manual U12197EJ6V0UM 95 CHAPTER 5 INSTRUCTIONS Caution When returning from an NMI or exception routine using the RETI instruction, the PSW.NP and PSW.EP flags must be set accordingly to restore the PC and PSW: * When returning from non-maskable interrupt routine using the RETI instruction: PSW.NP = 1 and PSW.EP = 0 * When returning from an exception routine using the RETI instruction: PSW.EP = 1 Use the LDSR instruction for setting the flags. Interrupts are not acknowledged in the latter half of the ID stage during LDSR execution because of the operation of the interrupt controller. 96 User's Manual U12197EJ6V0UM CHAPTER 5 INSTRUCTIONS SAR Shift Arithmetic Right Instruction format (1) SAR reg1, reg2 (2) SAR imm5, reg2 Operation (1) GR [reg2] GR [reg2] arithmetically shift right by GR [reg1] (2) GR [reg2] GR [reg2] arithmetically shift right by zero-extend Format (1) Format IX (2) Format II Opcode (1) 15 0 31 16 rrrrr111111RRRRR 15 0 0000000010100000 (2) Flag CY OV S Z SAT Instruction rrrrr010101iiiii 1 if the bit shifted out last is 1; otherwise, 0. However, if the number of shifts is 0, the result is 0. 0 1 if the result of an operation is negative; otherwise, 0. 1 if the result of an operation is 0; otherwise, 0. - (1) SAR Shift Arithmetic Right by Register (2) SAR Shift Arithmetic Right by Immediate (5-bit) Explanation (1) Arithmetically shifts the word data of general-purpose register reg2 to the right by `n' positions, where `n' is a value from 0 to +31, specified by the lower 5 bits of generalpurpose register reg1 (after the shift, the MSB prior to shift execution is copied and set as the new MSB value), and then writes the result in general-purpose register reg2. If the number of shifts is 0, general-purpose register reg2 retains the same value prior to instruction execution. The data of general-purpose register reg1 is not affected. (2) Arithmetically shifts the word data of general-purpose register reg2 to the right by `n' positions, where `n' is a value from 0 to +31, specified by the 5-bit immediate data, zeroextended to word length (after the shift, the MSB prior to shift execution is copied and set as the new MSB value), and then writes the result in general-purpose register reg2. If the number of shifts is 0, general-purpose register reg2 retains the same value prior to instruction execution. User's Manual U12197EJ6V0UM 97 CHAPTER 5 INSTRUCTIONS SASF Shift and Set Flag Condition Instruction format Operation SASF cccc, reg2 if conditions are satisfied then GR [reg2] (GR [reg2] Logically shift left by 1) OR 00000001H else GR [reg2] (GR [reg2] Logically shift left by 1) OR 00000000H Format Opcode Format IX 15 rrrrr1111110cccc 0 31 16 0000001000000000 Flag CY OV S Z SAT - - - - - Instruction Explanation SASF Shift And Set Flag Condition General-purpose register reg2 is logically shifted left by 1, and its LSB is set to 1 if the condition specified by condition code "cccc" is satisfied; otherwise, the LSB is set to 0. One of the codes shown in Table 5-9 Condition Codes should be specified as the condition code "cccc". Remark See SETF Pages. 98 User's Manual U12197EJ6V0UM CHAPTER 5 INSTRUCTIONS SATADD Saturated Add Instruction format (1) SATADD reg1, reg2 (2) SATADD imm5, reg2 Operation (1) GR [reg2] saturated (GR [reg2] + GR [reg1]) (2) GR [reg2] saturated (GR [reg2] + sign-extend (imm5)) Format (1) Format I (2) Format II Opcode (1) 15 0 rrrrr000110RRRRR 15 0 (2) Flag CY OV S Z SAT Instruction rrrrr010001iiiii 1 if a carry occurs from MSB; otherwise, 0. 1 if overflow occurs; otherwise, 0. 1 if the result of the saturated operation is negative; otherwise, 0. 1 if the result of the saturated operation is 0; otherwise, 0. 1 if OV = 1; otherwise, not affected. (1) SATADD Saturated add register (2) SATADD Saturated add Immediate (5-bit) Explanation (1) Adds the word data of general-purpose register reg1 to the word data of general-purpose register reg2, and stores the result in general-purpose register reg2. However, if the result exceeds the maximum positive value 7FFFFFFFH, 7FFFFFFFH is stored in reg2; if the result exceeds the maximum negative value 80000000H, 80000000H is stored in reg2. The SAT flag is set to 1. The data of general-purpose register reg1 is not affected. Do not specify r0 as the destination register reg2. (2) Adds a 5-bit immediate data, sign-extended to word length, to the word data of generalpurpose register reg2, and stores the result in general-purpose register reg2. However, if the result exceeds the maximum positive value 7FFFFFFFH, 7FFFFFFFH is stored in reg2; if the result exceeds the maximum negative value 80000000H, 80000000H is stored in reg2. The SAT flag is set to 1. Do not specify r0 as the destination register reg2. Remark The SAT flag is a cumulative flag. Once the result of the saturated operation instruction has been saturated, this flag is set to 1 and is not reset to 0 even if the result of the subsequent operation is not saturated. Even if the SAT flag is set to 1, the saturated operation instruction is executed normally. Caution To reset the SAT flag to 0, load data to the PSW by using the LDSR instruction. User's Manual U12197EJ6V0UM 99 CHAPTER 5 INSTRUCTIONS SATSUB Saturated Subtract Instruction format Operation Format Opcode SATSUB reg1, reg2 GR [reg2] saturated (GR [reg2] - GR [reg1]) Format I 15 rrrrr000101RRRRR 0 Flag CY OV S Z SAT 1 if a borrow to MSB occurs; otherwise, 0. 1 if overflow occurs; otherwise, 0. 1 if the result of the saturated operation is negative; otherwise, 0. 1 if the result of the saturated operation is 0; otherwise, 0. 1 if OV = 1; otherwise, not affected. Instruction Explanation SATSUB Saturated Subtract Subtracts the word data of general-purpose register reg1 from the word data of generalpurpose register reg2, and stores the result in general-purpose register reg2. However, if the result exceeds the maximum positive value 7FFFFFFFH, 7FFFFFFFH is stored in reg2; if the result exceeds the maximum negative value 80000000H, 80000000H is stored in reg2. The SAT flag is set to 1. The data of general-purpose register reg1 is not affected. Do not specify r0 as the destination register reg2. Remark The SAT flag is a cumulative flag. Once the result of the operation of the saturated operation instruction has been saturated, this flag is set to 1 and is not reset to 0 even if the result of the subsequent operations is not saturated. Even if the SAT flag is set to 1, the saturated operation instruction is executed normally. Caution To reset the SAT flag to 0, load data to the PSW by using the LDSR instruction. 100 User's Manual U12197EJ6V0UM CHAPTER 5 INSTRUCTIONS SATSUBI Saturated Subtract Immediate Instruction format Operation Format Opcode SATSUBI imm16, reg1, reg2 GR [reg2] saturated (GR [reg1] - sign-extend (imm16)) Format VI 15 rrrrr110011RRRRR 0 31 16 iiiiiiiiiiiiiiii Flag CY OV S Z SAT 1 if a borrow to MSB occurs; otherwise, 0. 1 if overflow occurs; otherwise, 0. 1 if the result of the saturated operation is negative; otherwise, 0. 1 if the result of the saturated operation is 0; otherwise, 0. 1 if OV = 1; otherwise, not affected. Instruction Explanation SATSUBI Saturated Subtract Immediate Subtracts the 16-bit immediate data, sign-extended to word length, from the word data of general-purpose register reg1, and stores the result in general-purpose register reg2. However, if the result exceeds the maximum positive value 7FFFFFFFH, 7FFFFFFFH is stored in reg2; if the result exceeds the maximum negative value 80000000H, 80000000H is stored in reg2. The SAT flag is set to 1. The data of general-purpose register reg1 is not affected. Do not specify r0 as the destination register reg2. Remark The SAT flag is a cumulative flag. Once the result of the operation of the saturated operation instruction has been saturated, this flag is set to 1 and is not reset to 0 even if the result of the subsequent operations is not saturated. Even if the SAT flag is set to 1, the saturated operation instruction is executed normally. Caution To reset the SAT flag to 0, load data to the PSW by using the LDSR instruction. User's Manual U12197EJ6V0UM 101 CHAPTER 5 INSTRUCTIONS SATSUBR Saturated Subtract Reverse Instruction format Operation Format Opcode SATSUBR reg1, reg2 GR [reg2] saturated (GR [reg1] - GR [reg2]) Format I 15 rrrrr000100RRRRR 0 Flag CY OV S Z SAT 1 if a borrow to MSB occurs; otherwise, 0. 1 if overflow occurs; otherwise, 0. 1 if the result of the saturated operation is negative; otherwise, 0. 1 if the result of the saturated operation is 0; otherwise, 0. 1 if OV = 1; otherwise, not affected. Instruction Explanation SATSUBR Saturated Subtract Reverse Subtracts the word data of general-purpose register reg2 from the word data of generalpurpose register reg1, and stores the result in general-purpose register reg2. However, if the result exceeds the maximum positive value 7FFFFFFFH, 7FFFFFFFH is stored in reg2; if the result exceeds the maximum negative value 80000000H, 80000000H is stored in reg2. The SAT flag is set to 1. The data of general-purpose register reg1 is not affected. Do not specify r0 as the destination register reg2. Remark The SAT flag is a cumulative flag. Once the result of the operation of the saturated operation instruction has been saturated, this flag is set to 1 and is not reset to 0 even if the result of the subsequent operations is not saturated. Even if the SAT flag is set to 1, the saturated operation instruction is executed normally. Caution To reset the SAT flag to 0, load data to the PSW by using the LDSR instruction. 102 User's Manual U12197EJ6V0UM CHAPTER 5 INSTRUCTIONS SETF Set Flag Condition Instruction format Operation SETF cccc, reg2 if conditions are satisfied then GR [reg2] 00000001H else GR [reg2] 00000000H Format Opcode Format IX 15 rrrrr1111110cccc 0 31 16 0000000000000000 Flag CY OV S Z SAT - - - - - Instruction Explanation SETF Set Flag Condition General-purpose register reg2 is set to 1 if the condition specified by condition code "cccc" is satisfied; otherwise, 0 is stored in the register. One of the codes shown in Table 5-9 Condition Codes should be specified as the condition code "cccc". Remark Here are some examples of using this instruction. (1) Translation of two or more condition clauses: If A of statement if (A) in C language consists of two or more condition clauses (a1, a2, a3, and so on), it is usually translated to a sequence of if (a1) then, if (a2) then. The object code executes a "conditional branch" by checking the result of evaluation equivalent to an. Since a pipeline processor takes more time to execute "condition judgment" + "branch" than to execute an ordinary operation, the result of evaluating each condition clause if (an) is stored in register Ra. By performing a logical operation on Ran after all the condition clauses have been evaluated, the delay due to the pipeline can be prevented. (2) Double-length operation: To execute a double-length operation such as Add with Carry, the result of the CY flag can be stored in general-purpose register reg2. Therefore, a carry from the lower bits can be expressed as a numeric value. User's Manual U12197EJ6V0UM 103 CHAPTER 5 INSTRUCTIONS Table 5-9. Condition Codes Condition Code (cccc) 0000 1000 0001 1001 0010 1010 0011 1011 0100 1100 0101 1101 0110 1110 0111 1111 V NV C/L NC/NL Z NZ NH H S/N NS/P T SA LT GE LE GT OV = 1 OV = 0 CY = 1 CY = 0 Z=1 Z=0 (CY or Z) = 1 (CY or Z) = 0 S=1 S=0 always SAT = 1 (S xor OV) = 1 (S xor OV) = 0 ((S xor OV) or Z) = 1 ((S xor OV) or Z) = 0 Condition Name Condition Expression 104 User's Manual U12197EJ6V0UM CHAPTER 5 INSTRUCTIONS SET1 Set Bit Instruction format (1) SET1 bit#3, disp16 [reg1] (2) SET1 reg2, [reg1] Operation (1) adr GR [reg1] + sign-extend (disp16) Z flag Not (Load-memory-bit (adr, bit#3)) Store-memory-bit (adr, bit#3, 1) (2) adr GR [reg1] Z flag Not (Load-memory-bit (adr, reg2)) Store-memory-bit (adr, reg2, 1) Format (1) Format VIII (2) Format IX Opcode (1) 15 00bbb111110RRRRR 15 (2) rrrrr111111RRRRR - - - 0 31 16 dddddddddddddddd 0 31 16 0000000011100000 Flag CY OV S Z SAT 1 if bit specified by operands = 0. 0 if bit specified by operands = 1. - Instruction Explanation SET1 Set Bit (1) Adds the 16-bit displacement, sign-extended to word length, to the data of generalpurpose register reg1 to generate a 32-bit address. Then reads the byte data referenced by the generated address, inverts the bit specified by the 3-bit field "bbb", and writes the data to the previous address. Bits other than the specified bit are not affected. (2) Reads the data of general-purpose register reg1 to generate a 32-bit address. Then reads the byte data referenced by the generated address, inverts the bit specified by the data of the lower 3 bits of reg2, and writes the data to the previous address. Bits other than the specified bit are not affected. Remark The Z flag of the PSW indicates whether the specified bit was 0 or 1 before this instruction was executed, and does not indicate the content of the specified bit after this instruction has been executed. User's Manual U12197EJ6V0UM 105 CHAPTER 5 INSTRUCTIONS SHL Shift Logical Left Instruction format (1) SHL reg1, reg2 (2) SHL imm5, reg2 Operation (1) GR [reg2] GR [reg2] logically shift left by GR [reg1] (2) GR [reg2] GR [reg2] logically shift left by zero-extend (imm5) Format (1) Format IX (2) Format II Opcode (1) 15 0 31 16 rrrrr111111RRRRR 15 0 0000000011000000 (2) Flag CY OV S Z SAT Instruction rrrrr010110iiiii 1 if the bit shifted out last is 1; otherwise, 0. However, if the number of shifts is 0, the result is 0. 0 1 if the result of an operation is negative; otherwise, 0. 1 if the result of an operation is 0; otherwise, 0. - (1) SHL Shift Logical Left by Register (2) SHL Shift Logical Left by Immediate (5-bit) Explanation (1) Logically shifts the word data of general-purpose register reg2 to the left by `n' positions, where `n' is a value from 0 to +31, specified by the lower 5 bits of general-purpose register reg1 (0 is shifted to the LSB side), and then writes the result in general-purpose register reg2. If the number of shifts is 0, general-purpose register reg2 retains the same value prior to instruction execution. The data of general-purpose register reg1 is not affected. (2) Logically shifts the word data of general-purpose register reg2 to the left by `n' positions, where `n' is a value from 0 to +31, specified by the 5-bit immediate data, zero-extended to word length (0 is shifted to the LSB side), and then writes the result in general-purpose register reg2. If the number of shifts is 0, general-purpose register reg2 retains the value prior to instruction execution. 106 User's Manual U12197EJ6V0UM CHAPTER 5 INSTRUCTIONS SHR Shift Logical Right Instruction format (1) SHR reg1, reg2 (2) SHR imm5, reg2 Operation (1) GR [reg2] GR [reg2] logically shift right by GR [reg1] (2) GR [reg2] GR [reg2] logically shift right by zero-extend (imm5) Format (1) Format IX (2) Format II Opcode (1) 15 0 31 16 rrrrr111111RRRRR 15 0 0000000010000000 (2) Flag CY OV S Z SAT Instruction rrrrr010100iiiii 1 if the bit shifted out last is 1; otherwise, 0. However, if the number of shifts is 0, the result is 0. 0 1 if the result of an operation is negative; otherwise, 0. 1 if the result of an operation is 0; otherwise, 0. - (1) SHR Shift Logical Right by Register (2) SHR Shift Logical Right by Immediate (5-bit) Explanation (1) Logically shifts the word data of general-purpose register reg2 to the right by `n' positions where `n' is a value from 0 to +31, specified by the lower 5 bits of general-purpose register reg1 (0 is shifted to the MSB side). This instruction then writes the result in generalpurpose register reg2. If the number of shifts is 0, general-purpose register reg2 retains the same value prior to instruction execution. The data of general-purpose register reg1 is not affected. (2) Logically shifts the word data of general-purpose register reg2 to the right by `n' positions, where `n' is a value from 0 to +31, specified by the 5-bit immediate data, zero-extended to word length (0 is shifted to the MSB side). This instruction then writes the result in general-purpose register reg2. If the number of shifts is 0, general-purpose register reg2 retains the same value prior to instruction execution. User's Manual U12197EJ6V0UM 107 CHAPTER 5 INSTRUCTIONS SLD Short Load Instruction format (1) SLD.B disp7 [ep], reg2 (2) SLD.H disp8 [ep], reg2 (3) SLD.W disp8 [ep], reg2 (4) SLD.BU disp4 [ep], reg2 (5) SLD.HU disp5 [ep], reg2 Operation (1) adr ep + zero-extend (disp7) GR [reg2] sign-extend (Load-memory (adr, Byte)) (2) adr ep + zero-extend (disp8) GR [reg2] sign-extend (Load-memory (adr, Half-word)) (3) adr ep + zero-extend (disp8) GR [reg2] Load-memory (adr, Word) (4) adr ep + zero-extend (disp4) GR [reg2] zero-extend (Load-memory (adr, Byte)) (5) adr ep + zero-extend (disp5) GR [reg2] zero-extend (Load-memory (adr, Half-word)) Format Opcode Format IV 15 (1) 0 rrrrr0110ddddddd 15 0 (2) rrrrr1000ddddddd ddddddd is the higher 7 bits of disp8. 15 (3) 0 rrrrr1010dddddd0 dddddd is the higher 6 bits of disp8. 15 (4) 0 rrrrr0000110dddd rrrrr must not be 00000. 15 (5) 0 rrrrr0000111dddd dddd is the higher 4 bits of disp5, rrrrr must not be 00000. 108 User's Manual U12197EJ6V0UM CHAPTER 5 INSTRUCTIONS Flag CY OV S Z SAT - - - - - Instruction (1) SLD.B Short format Load Byte (2) SLD.H Short format Load Half-word (3) SLD.W Short format Load Word (4) SLD.BU Short format Load Byte Unsigned (5) SLD.HU Short format Load Half-word Unsigned Explanation (1) Adds the 7-bit displacement, zero-extended to word length, to the element pointer to generate a 32-bit address. Byte data is read from the generated address, sign-extended to word length, and stored in reg2. (2) Adds the 8-bit displacement, zero-extended to word length, to the element pointer to generate a 32-bit address. Halfword data is read from this 32-bit address with bit 0 masked by 0, sign-extended to word length, and stored in reg2. (3) Adds the 8-bit displacement, zero-extended to word length, to the element pointer to generate a 32-bit address. Word data is read from this 32-bit address with bits 0 and 1 masked by 0, and stored in reg2. (4) Adds the 4-bit displacement, zero-extended to word length, to the element pointer to generate a 32-bit address. Byte data is read from the generated address, zero-extended to word length, and stored in reg2. Do not specify r0 as the destination register reg2. (5) Adds the 5-bit displacement, zero-extended to word length, to the element pointer to generate a 32-bit address. Halfword data is read from this 32-bit address with bit 0 masked by 0, zero-extended to word length, and stored in reg2. Do not specify r0 as the destination register reg2. Caution (1) The result of adding the element pointer and the 8-bit displacement zero-extended to word length can be of two types depending on the type of data to be accessed (halfword, word) and the misaligned mode setting. * Lower bits are masked by 0 and address is generated (when misalign access is disabled) * Lower bits are not masked and address is generated (when misalign access is enabled) User's Manual U12197EJ6V0UM 109 CHAPTER 5 INSTRUCTIONS For details on misalign access, see 3.3 Data Alignment. (2) If an interrupt to an SLD instruction that reads from the external memory space is generated, the read value may be written to a register other than that specified by the SLD instruction. To prevent this, change all the SLD instructions that access the external memory to LD instructions. 110 User's Manual U12197EJ6V0UM CHAPTER 5 INSTRUCTIONS SST Store Instruction format (1) SST.B reg2, disp7 [ep] (2) SST.H reg2, disp8 [ep] (3) SST.W reg2, disp8 [ep] Operation (1) adr ep + zero-extend (disp7) Store-memory (adr, GR [reg2], Byte) (2) adr ep + zero-extend (disp8) Store-memory (adr, GR [reg2], Half-word) (3) adr ep + zero-extend (disp8) Store-memory (adr, GR [reg2], Word) Format Opcode Format IV 15 (1) 0 rrrrr0111ddddddd 15 0 (2) rrrrr1001ddddddd ddddddd is the higher 7 bits of disp8. 15 0 (3) rrrrr1010dddddd1 dddddd is the higher 6 bits of disp8. Flag CY OV S Z SAT - - - - - Instruction (1) SST.B Short format Store Byte (2) SST.H Short format Store Half-word (3) SST.W Short format Store Word User's Manual U12197EJ6V0UM 111 CHAPTER 5 INSTRUCTIONS Explanation (1) Adds the 7-bit displacement, zero-extended to word length, to the element pointer to generate a 32-bit address, and stores the data of the lowest byte of reg2 in the generated address. (2) Adds the 8-bit displacement, zero-extended to word length, to the element pointer to generate a 32-bit address, and stores the lower halfword data of reg2 in the generated 32bit address with bit 0 masked by 0. (3) Adds the 8-bit displacement, zero-extended to word length, to the element pointer to generate a 32-bit address, and stores the word data of reg2 in the generated 32-bit address with bits 0 and 1 masked by 0. Cautions (1) The result of adding the element pointer and the 8-bit displacement zero-extended to word length can be of two types depending on the type of data to be accessed (halfword, word) and the misaligned mode setting. * Lower bits are masked by 0 and address is generated (when misalign access is disabled) * Lower bits are not masked and address is generated (when misalign access is enabled) For details on misalign access, see 3.3 Data Alignment. (2) Branch instructions may not be correctly executed in the following instruction sequence. Instruction 1 Instruction 2 Instruction 3 Instruction 4 sst/st instruction (access to the external memory) Any instruction string other than sst/st instruction (0 or more) sst instruction bcond (bc, be, bge, bgt, bh, bl, ble, blt, bn, bnc, bne, bnh, bnl, bnv, bnz, bp, br, bsa, bv, bz) instruction Perform either of the following to avoid the above. * Replace the sst instruction immediately before the bcond instruction with the st instruction * Insert a nop instruction between the bcond instruction and the sst instruction immediately before 112 User's Manual U12197EJ6V0UM CHAPTER 5 INSTRUCTIONS ST Store Instruction format (1) ST.B reg2, disp16 [reg1] (2) ST.H reg2, disp16 [reg1] (3) ST.W reg2, disp16 [reg1] Operation (1) adr GR [reg1] + sign-extend (disp16) Store-memory (adr, GR [reg2], Byte) (2) adr GR [reg1] + sign-extend (disp16) Store-memory (adr, GR [reg2], Half-word) (3) adr GR [reg1] + sign-extend (disp16) Store-memory (adr, GR [reg2], Word) Format Opcode Format VII 15 (1) 0 31 16 rrrrr111010RRRRR 15 0 dddddddddddddddd 31 16 (2) rrrrr111011RRRRR ddddddddddddddd0 ddddddddddddddd is the higher 15 bits of disp16. 15 (3) 0 31 16 rrrrr111011RRRRR ddddddddddddddd1 ddddddddddddddd is the higher 15 bits of disp16. Flag CY OV S Z SAT Instruction - - - - - (1) ST.B Store Byte (2) ST.H Store Half-word (3) ST.W Store Word User's Manual U12197EJ6V0UM 113 CHAPTER 5 INSTRUCTIONS Explanation (1) Adds the 16-bit displacement, sign-extended to word length, to the data of generalpurpose register reg1 to generate a 32-bit address, and stores the lowest byte data of general-purpose register reg2 in the generated address. (2) Adds the 16-bit displacement, sign-extended to word length, to the data of generalpurpose register reg1 to generate a 32-bit address, and stores the lower halfword data of general-purpose register reg2 in the generated 32-bit address with bit 0 masked by 0. Therefore, stored data is automatically aligned on a halfword boundary. (3) Adds the 16-bit displacement, sign-extended to word length, to the data of generalpurpose register reg1 in generate a 32-bit address, and stores the word data of generalpurpose register reg2 in the generated 32-bit address with bits 0 and 1 masked by 0. Therefore, stored data is automatically aligned on a word boundary. Caution The result of adding the data of general-purpose register reg1 and the 16-bit displacement sign-extended to word length can be of two types depending on the type of data to be accessed (halfword, word), and the misalign mode setting. * Lower bits are masked by 0 and address is generated (when misalign access is disabled) * Lower bits are not masked and address is generated (when misalign access is enabled) For details on misalign access, see 3.3 Data Alignment. 114 User's Manual U12197EJ6V0UM CHAPTER 5 INSTRUCTIONS STSR Store Contents of System Register Instruction format Operation Format Opcode STSR regID, reg2 GR [reg2] SR [regID] Format IX 15 rrrrr111111RRRRR 0 31 16 0000000001000000 Flag CY OV S Z SAT - - - - - Instruction Explanation STSR Store Contents of System Register Stores the contents of a system register specified by a system register number (regID) in general-purpose register reg2. The contents of the system register are not affected. Remark The system register number regID is a number which identifies a system register. Accessing a system register which is reserved is prohibited and will lead to undefined results. User's Manual U12197EJ6V0UM 115 CHAPTER 5 INSTRUCTIONS SUB Subtract Instruction format Operation Format Opcode SUB reg1, reg2 GR [reg2] GR [reg2] - GR [reg1] Format I 15 rrrrr001101RRRRR 0 Flag CY OV S Z SAT 1 if a borrow to MSB occurs; otherwise, 0. 1 if overflow occurs; otherwise, 0. 1 if the result of an operation is negative; otherwise, 0. 1 if the result of an operation is 0; otherwise, 0. - Instruction Explanation SUB Subtract Subtracts the word data of general-purpose register reg1 from the word data of generalpurpose register reg2, and stores the result in general-purpose register reg2. The data of general-purpose register reg1 is not affected. 116 User's Manual U12197EJ6V0UM CHAPTER 5 INSTRUCTIONS SUBR Subtract Reverse Instruction format Operation Format Opcode SUBR reg1, reg2 GR [reg2] GR [reg1] - GR [reg2] Format I 15 rrrrr001100RRRRR 0 Flag CY OV S Z SAT 1 if a borrow to MSB occurs; otherwise, 0. 1 if overflow occurs; otherwise, 0. 1 if the result of an operation is negative; otherwise, 0. 1 if the result of an operation is 0; otherwise, 0. - Instruction Explanation SUBR Subtract Reverse Subtracts the word data of general-purpose register reg2 from the word data of generalpurpose register reg1, and stores the result in general-purpose register reg2. The data of general-purpose register reg1 is not affected. User's Manual U12197EJ6V0UM 117 CHAPTER 5 INSTRUCTIONS SWITCH Jump with Table Look Up Instruction format Operation SWITCH reg1 adr (PC + 2) + (GR[reg1] logically shift left by 1) PC (PC + 2) + (sign-extend (Load-memory (adr, Half-word))) logically shift left by 1 Format Opcode Format I 15 00000000010RRRRR 0 Flag CY OV S Z SAT - - - - - Instruction Explanation Switch Jump with Table Look Up <1> Adds the table entry address (address following the SWITCH instruction) and data of general-purpose register reg1 logically shifted left by 1, and generates 32-bit table entry address. <2> <3> Loads halfword data pointed by address generated in <1>. Sign-extends the loaded halfword data to word length, and adds the table entry address after logically shifts it left by 1 bit (next address following SWITCH instruction) to generate a 32-bit target address. <4> Then jumps to the target address generated in <3>. 118 User's Manual U12197EJ6V0UM CHAPTER 5 INSTRUCTIONS SXB Sign Extend Byte Instruction format Operation Format Opcode SXB reg1 GR [reg1] sign-extend ( GR [reg1] (7:0) ) Format I 15 00000000101RRRRR 0 Flag CY OV S Z SAT - - - - - Instruction Explanation SXB Sign Extend Byte Sign-extends the lowest byte of general-purpose register reg1 to word length. User's Manual U12197EJ6V0UM 119 CHAPTER 5 INSTRUCTIONS SXH Sign Extend Half-word Instruction format Operation Format Opcode SXH reg1 GR [reg1] sign-extend ( GR [reg1] (15:0) ) Format I 15 00000000111RRRRR 0 Flag CY OV S Z SAT - - - - - Instruction Explanation SXH Sign Extend Half-word Sign-extends the lower halfword of general-purpose register reg1 to word length. 120 User's Manual U12197EJ6V0UM CHAPTER 5 INSTRUCTIONS TRAP Software Trap Instruction format Operation TRAP vector EIPC EIPSW ECR.EICC PSW.EP PSW.ID PC PC + 4 (restore PC) PSW interrupt code 1 1 00000040H (vector = 00H to 0FH) 00000050H (vector = 10H to 1FH) Format Opcode Format X 15 00000111111iiiii 0 31 16 0000000100000000 Flag CY OV S Z SAT - - - - - Instruction Explanation TRAP Trap Saves the restore PC and PSW to EIPC and EIPSW, respectively; sets the exception code (EICC of ECR) and the flags of the PSW (EP and ID flags); jumps to the address of the trap handler corresponding to the trap vector specified by vector number (0-31), and starts exception processing. The condition flags are not affected. The restore PC is the address of the instruction following the TRAP instruction. User's Manual U12197EJ6V0UM 121 CHAPTER 5 INSTRUCTIONS TST Test Instruction format Operation Format Opcode TST reg1, reg2 result GR [reg2] AND GR [reg1] Format I 15 rrrrr001011RRRRR 0 Flag CY OV S Z SAT - 0 1 if the result of an operation is negative; otherwise, 0. 1 if the result of an operation is 0; otherwise, 0. - Instruction Explanation TST Test ANDs the word data of general-purpose register reg2 with the word data of general-purpose register reg1. The result is not stored, and only the flags are changed. The data of generalpurpose registers reg1 and reg2 are not affected. 122 User's Manual U12197EJ6V0UM CHAPTER 5 INSTRUCTIONS TST1 Test Bit Instruction format (1) TST1 bit#3, disp16 [reg1] (2) TST1 reg2, [reg1] Operation (1) adr GR [reg1] + sign-extend (disp16) Z flag Not (Load-memory-bit (adr,bit#3)) (2) adr GR [reg1] Z flag Not (Load-memory-bit (adr,reg2)) Format (1) Format VIII (2) Format IX Opcode (1) 15 11bbb111110RRRRR 15 (2) rrrrr111111RRRRR - - - 0 31 16 dddddddddddddddd 0 31 16 0000000011100110 Flag CY OV S Z SAT 1 if bit specified by operands = 0. 0 if bit specified by operands = 1. - Instruction Explanation TST1 Test Bit (1) Adds the data of general-purpose register reg1 to a 16-bit displacement, sign-extended to word length, to generate a 32-bit address. Performs the test on the bit specified by the 3bit field "bbb", at the byte data location referenced by the generated address. including the specified bit, is not affected. (2) Reads the data of general-purpose register reg1 to generate a 32-bit address. Performs a test on the bit specified by the lower 3 bits of reg2, at the byte data location referenced by the generated address. If the specified bit is 0, the Z flag is set to 1; if the bit is 1, the Z flag is reset to 0. The byte data, including the specified bit, is not affected. If the specified bit is 0, the Z flag is set to 1; if the bit is 1, the Z flag is reset to 0. The byte data, User's Manual U12197EJ6V0UM 123 CHAPTER 5 INSTRUCTIONS XOR Exclusive Or Instruction format Operation Format Opcode XOR reg1, reg2 GR [reg2] GR [reg2] XOR GR [reg1] Format I 15 rrrrr001001RRRRR 0 Flag CY OV S Z SAT - 0 1 if the result of an operation is negative; otherwise, 0. 1 if the result of an operation is 0; otherwise, 0. - Instruction Explanation XOR Exclusive Or Exclusively ORs the word data of general-purpose register reg2 with the word data of generalpurpose register reg1, and stores the result in general-purpose register reg2. The data of general-purpose register reg1 is not affected. 124 User's Manual U12197EJ6V0UM CHAPTER 5 INSTRUCTIONS XORI Exclusive Or Immediate Instruction format Operation Format Opcode XORI imm16, reg1, reg2 GR [reg2] GR [reg1] XOR zero-extend (imm16) Format VI 15 rrrrr110101RRRRR 0 31 16 iiiiiiiiiiiiiiii Flag CY OV S Z SAT - 0 1 if the result of an operation is negative; otherwise, 0. 1 if the result of an operation is 0; otherwise, 0. - Instruction Explanation XORI Exclusive Or Immediate (16-bit) Exclusively ORs the word data of general-purpose register reg1 with a 16-bit immediate data, zero-extended to word length, and stores the result in general-purpose register reg2. The data of general-purpose register reg1 is not affected. User's Manual U12197EJ6V0UM 125 CHAPTER 5 INSTRUCTIONS ZXB Zero Extend Byte Instruction format Operation Format Opcode ZXB reg1 GR [reg1] zero-extend ( GR [reg1] (7:0) ) Format I 15 00000000100RRRRR 0 Flag CY OV S Z SAT - - - - - Instruction Explanation ZXB Sign Extend Byte Zero-extends the lowest byte of general-purpose register reg1 to word length. 126 User's Manual U12197EJ6V0UM CHAPTER 5 INSTRUCTIONS ZXH Zero Extend Half-word Instruction format Operation Format Opcode ZXH reg1 GR [reg1] zero-extend ( GR [reg1] (15:0) ) Format I 15 00000000110RRRRR 0 Flag CY OV S Z SAT - - - - - Instruction Explanation ZXH Zero Extend Half-word Zero-extends the lower halfword of general-purpose register reg1 to word length. User's Manual U12197EJ6V0UM 127 CHAPTER 5 INSTRUCTIONS 5.4 Number of Instruction Execution Clock Cycles The number of instruction execution clock cycles differs depending on the combination of instructions. For details, refer to CHAPTER 8 PIPELINE. Table 5-10 shows a list of the number of instruction execution clock cycles. Table 5-10. List of Number of Instruction Execution Clock Cycles (1/3) Instruction Mnemonic Operand Bytes Execution Clocks i-r-l Load SLD.B SLD.H SLD.W SLD.BU SLD.HU LD.B LD.H LD.W LD.BU LD.HU Store SST.B SST.H SST.W ST.B ST.H ST.W Arithmetic operation MOV MOV MOV MOVEA MOVHI DIVH DIVH DIVHU DIV DIVU MULH MULH MULHI MUL MUL disp7 [ep], r disp8 [ep], r disp8 [ep], r disp4 [ep], r disp5 [ep], r disp16 [R], r disp16 [R], r disp16 [R], r disp16 [R], r disp16 [R], r r, disp7 [ep] r, disp8 [ep] r, disp8 [ep] r, disp16 [R] r, disp16 [R] r, disp16 [R] R, r imm5, r imm32, r imm16, R, r imm16, R, r R, r R, r, w R, r, w R, r, w R, r, w R, r imm5, r imm16, R, r R, r, w imm9, r, w 2 2 2 2 2 4 4 4 4 4 2 2 2 4 4 4 2 2 6 4 4 2 4 4 4 4 2 2 4 4 4 1 - 1 - nNote 1 1 - 1 - nNote 1 1 - 1 - nNote 1 1 - 1 - nNote1 1 - 1 - nNote 1 1 - 1 - nNote 2 1 - 1 - nNote 2 1 - 1 - nNote 2 1 - 1 - nNote 2 1 - 1 - nNote 2 1-1-1 1-1-1 1-1-1 1-1-1 1-1-1 1-1-1 1-1-1 1-1-1 2-2-2 1-1-1 1-1-1 35 - 35 - 35 35 - 35 - 35 34 - 34 - 34 35 - 35 - 35 34 - 34 - 34 1-1-2 1-1-2 1-1-2 1 - 2Note 3- 2 1 - 2Note 3- 2 128 User's Manual U12197EJ6V0UM CHAPTER 5 INSTRUCTIONS Table 5-10. List of Number of Instruction Execution Clock Cycles (2/3) Instruction Mnemonic Operand Bytes Execution Clocks i-r-l Arithmetic operation (continued) MULU MULU ADD ADD ADDI CMP CMP SUBR SUB CMOV CMOV SASF SETF Saturated operation SATSUBR SATSUB SATADD SATADD SATSUBI Logical operation NOT OR XOR AND TST SHR SAR SHL ORI XORI ANDI SHR SAR SHL ZXB ZXH SXB SXH R, r, w imm9, r, w R, r imm5, r imm16, R, r R, r imm5, r R, r R, r cccc, R, r, w cccc, imm5, r, w cccc, r cccc, r R, r R, r R, r imm5, r imm16, R, r R, r R, r R, r R, r R, r imm5, r imm5, r imm5, r imm16, R, r imm16, R, r imm16, R, r R, r R, r R, r R R R R 4 4 2 2 4 2 2 2 2 4 4 4 4 2 2 2 2 4 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 2 2 2 1 - 2Note 3- 2 1 - 2Note 3- 2 1-1-1 1-1-1 1-1-1 1-1-1 1-1-1 1-1-1 1-1-1 1-1-1 1-1-1 1-1-1 1-1-1 1-1-1 1-1-1 1-1-1 1-1-1 1-1-1 1-1-1 1-1-1 1-1-1 1-1-1 1-1-1 1-1-1 1-1-1 1-1-1 1-1-1 1-1-1 1-1-1 1-1-1 1-1-1 1-1-1 1-1-1 1-1-1 1-1-1 1-1-1 User's Manual U12197EJ6V0UM 129 CHAPTER 5 INSTRUCTIONS Table 5-10. List of Number of Instruction Execution Clock Cycles (3/3) Instructions Mnemonic Operand Bytes Execution Clocks i-r-l Logical operation BSH BSW HSW Branch (Continued) JMP JR JARL Bcond r, w r, w r, w [R] disp22 disp22, r disp9 When condition is satisfied When condition is not satisfied Bit manipulation SET1 SET1 CLR1 CLR1 NOT1 NOT1 TST1 TST1 Special LDSR STSR SWITCH PREPARE PREPARE PREPARE PREPARE DISPOSE DISPOSE CALLT CTRET TRAP RETI HALT EI DI NOP bit#3, disp16 [R] r, [R] bit#3, disp16 [R] r, [R] bit#3, disp16 [R] r, [R] bit#3, disp16 [R] r, [R] R, SR SR, r R list12, imm5 list12, imm5, sp list12, imm5, imm16 list12, imm5, imm32 imm5, list12 imm5, list12, [R] imm6 - vector - - - - - 4 4 4 2 4 4 2 2 2 1-1-1 1-1-1 1-1-1 3-3-3 2-2-2 2-2-2 Note 4 - 2Note 4- 2Note 4 1-1-1 3Note 5- 3Note 5- 3Note 5 3Note 5- 3Note 5- 3Note 5 3Note 5- 3Note 5- 3Note 5 3Note 5- 3Note 5- 3Note 5 3Note 5- 3Note 5- 3Note 5 3Note 5- 3Note 5- 3Note 5 3Note 5- 3Note 5- 3Note 5 3Note 5- 3Note 5- 3Note 5 1-1-1 1-1-1 5-5-5 N+1 Note 6 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 4 4 6 8 4 4 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 4 - N+1Note6- N+1Note 6 N+2Note 6- N+2Note 6- N+2Note 6 N+2Note 6- N+2Note 6- N+2Note 6 N+3Note 6- N+3Note 6- N+3Note 6 N+1Note 6- N+1Note 6- N+1Note 6 N+3Note 6- N+3Note 6- N+3Note 6 4-4-4 3-3-3 3-3-3 3-3-3 1-1-1 1-1-1 1-1-1 1-1-1 3-3-3 Undefined instruction code trap 130 User's Manual U12197EJ6V0UM CHAPTER 5 INSTRUCTIONS Notes 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Depends on the number of wait states (1 if no wait states). Depends on the number of wait states (2 if no wait states). 1 if r = w (lower 32 bits of results are not written to register) or w = r0 (higher 32 bits of results are not written to register). 1 if last instruction involves PSW write access. In case of no wait states (3 + number of read access wait states). N is the total number of cycles to load registers in list12. (Depends on the number of wait states, N is the number of registers in list12 if no wait states) User's Manual U12197EJ6V0UM 131 CHAPTER 5 INSTRUCTIONS Remarks 1. Operand conventions Meaning General-purpose register (used as source register) General-purpose register (mainly used as destination register) General-purpose register (mainly used as remainder or higher 32 bits of multiply results) System register x-bit immediate x-bit displacement 3-bit data for bit number specification Element pointer Byte (8 bits) Half-word (16 bits) Word (32 bits) 4-bit data condition code specification 5-bit data for trap vector (00H to 1FH) specification List of registers (x is a maximum number of registers) Symbol R: reg1 r: reg2 w: reg3 SR: System Register immx: immediate dispx: displacement bit#3: bit number ep: Element Pointer B: Byte H: Half-word W: Word cccc: conditions vector listx 2. Execution clock conventions Symbol i: issue r: repeat Meaning When other instruction is executed immediately after executing an instruction When the same instruction is repeatedly executed immediately after the instruction has been executed When a subsequent instruction uses the result of execution of the preceding instruction immediately after its execution l: latency 132 User's Manual U12197EJ6V0UM CHAPTER 6 INTERRUPTS AND EXCEPTIONS Interrupts are events that occur independently of the program execution and are divided into two types: maskable and non-maskable interrupts. In contrast, an exception is an event whose occurrence is dependent on the program execution. The V850 Series can process various interrupt requests from the on-chip peripheral hardware and external sources. In addition, exception processing can be started by an instruction (TRAP instruction) and by occurrence of an exception event (exception trap). The interrupts and exceptions supported in the V850 Series are described below. When an interrupt or exception is deleted, control is transferred to a handler whose address is determined by the source of the interrupt or exception. The source of the event is specified by the exception code that is stored in the exception cause register (ECR). Each handler analyzes the exception cause register (ECR) and performs appropriate interrupt servicing or exception processing. The restore PC and PSW are written to the status saving registers (EIPC, EIPSW/FEPC, FEPSW). To restore execution from interrupt or exception processing, use the RETI instruction. Read the restore PC and PSW from the status saving register, and transfer control to the restore PC. * Types of interrupt/exception processing The V850 Series handles the following four types of interrupts/exceptions. * Non-maskable interrupts * Maskable interrupts * Software exceptions * Exception traps User's Manual U12197EJ6V0UM 133 CHAPTER 6 INTERRUPTS AND EXCEPTIONS Table 6-1. Interrupt/Exception Codes Interrupt/Exception Source Name NMI Maskable interrupt TRAP0n (n = 0 to FH) TRAP1n (n = 0 to FH) ILGOP Trigger NMI input Note 2 TRAP instruction TRAP instruction Illegal opcode Interrupt Interrupt Exception Exception Exception 0010H Note 2 004nH 005nH 0060H Classification Exception Code Handler Address 00000010H Note 1 00000040H 00000050H 00000060H next PC Note 3 next PC Note 3 next PC next PC next PC Note 4 Restore PC Notes 1. The higher 16 bits of the handler address are 0000H and the lower 16 bits of the handler address are the same as the exception code. 2. Differs depending on the type of interrupt. 3. If an interrupt is acknowledged during execution of a DIV/DIVH/DIVU (divide) instruction, the restore PC becomes the PC value for the currently executed instruction (DIV/DIVH/DIVU). 4. The execution address of the illegal instruction is obtained by "restore PC-4" when an illegal opcode exception occurs. The restore PC is the PC saved to EIPC or FEPC when interrupt/exception processing is started. "next PC" is the PC that starts processing after interrupt/exception processing. The processing of maskable interrupts is controlled by the user through the interrupt controller (INTC). The INTC is different for each device in the V850 Series due to variations in on-chip peripherals, interrupt/exception sources and exception codes. 6.1 Interrupt Servicing 6.1.1 Maskable interrupt A maskable interrupt can be masked by the interrupt control register. The interrupt controller (INTC) issues an interrupt request to the CPU, based on the received interrupt with the highest priority. If a maskable interrupt occurs due to INT input, the processor performs the following steps, and transfers control to the handler routine. (1) Saves restore PC to EIPC. (2) Saves current PSW to EIPSW. (3) Writes exception code to lower halfword of ECR (EICC). (4) Sets ID bit of PSW and clears EP bit. (5) Sets handler address for each interrupt to PC and transfers control. Interrupts are held pending in the interrupt controller (INTC) when one of the following two conditions occurs: when the interrupt input (INT) is masked by its interrupt controller, or when an interrupt service routine is currently being executed (when the NP bit of the PSW is 1 or when the ID bit of the PSW is 1). Interrupts are enabled by clearing the mask condition or by resetting the NP and ID bits of the PSW to 0 with the LDSR instruction, which will enable servicing of a new or already pending interrupt. EIPC and EIPSW are used as the status saving registers. These registers must be saved by program to enable nesting of interrupts because there is only one set of EIPC and EIPSW provided. Bits 31 to 24 of EIPC and bits 31 to 8 of EIPSW are fixed to 0. Figure 6-1 illustrates how a maskable interrupt is serviced. 134 User's Manual U12197EJ6V0UM CHAPTER 6 INTERRUPTS AND EXCEPTIONS Figure 6-1. Maskable Interrupt Servicing Format INT input INTC acknowledgement xxIF=1 Yes xxMK=0 Yes Priority higher than that of interrupt currently being serviced? No Interrupt request? No Is the interrupt mask released? No Yes Priority higher than that of other interrupt request? No Yes Highest default priority of interrupt requests with the same priority? No Yes Maskable interrupt request CPU processing PSW.NP = 0 Yes PSW.ID = 0 Yes EIPC EIPSW ECR. EICC PSW. EP PSW. ID PC Restored PC PSW Exception code 0 1 Handler address Interrupt servicing pending No No Interrupt request pending Interrupt servicing User's Manual U12197EJ6V0UM 135 CHAPTER 6 INTERRUPTS AND EXCEPTIONS 6.1.2 Non-maskable interrupt A non-maskable interrupt cannot be disabled by an instruction and can therefore always be acknowledged. Nonmaskable interrupts of the V850 Series are generated by NMI input. When the non-maskable interrupt is generated by NMI input, the processor performs the following steps, and transfers control to the handler routine. (1) Saves restore PC to FEPC. (2) Saves current PSW to FEPSW. (3) Writes exception code (0010H) to higher halfword of ECR (FECC). (4) Sets NP and ID bits of PSW and clears EP bit. (5) Sets handler address (00000010H) for the non-maskable interrupt to PC and transfers control. Non-maskable interrupts are held pending in the interrupt controller INTC when another non-maskable interrupt is currently being executed (when the NP bit of the PSW is 1). Non-maskable interrupts are enabled by resetting the NP bit of the PSW to 0 with the RETI and LDSR instructions, which will enable servicing of a new or already pending interrupt. FEPC and FEPSW are used as the status saving registers. Figure 6-2 illustrates how a non-maskable interrupt is serviced. Figure 6-2. Non-Maskable Interrupt Servicing Format NMI input INTC acknowledgement Non-maskable interrupt request CPU processing PSW.NP = 0 Yes FEPC FEPSW ECR.FECC PSW.NP PSW.EP PSW.ID PC Restored PC PSW 0010H 1 0 1 00000010H Interrupt request pending No Interrupt servicing 136 User's Manual U12197EJ6V0UM CHAPTER 6 INTERRUPTS AND EXCEPTIONS 6.2 Exception Processing 6.2.1 Software exception A software exception is generated when the CPU executes the TRAP instruction and is always acknowledged. If a software exception occurs, the CPU performs the following steps, and transfers control to the handler routine. (1) Saves restore PC to EIPC. (2) Saves current PSW to EIPSW. (3) Writes exception code to lower 16 bits (EICC) of ECR (interrupt cause). (4) Sets EP and ID bits of PSW. (5) Sets handler address (00000040H or 00000050H) for software exception to PC and transfers control. Figure 6-3 illustrates how the software exception is processed. Figure 6-3. Software Exception Processing Format Software exception (TRAP instruction) occurs EIPC EIPSW ECR.EICC PSW.EP PSW.ID PC Restore PC PSW Exception code 1 1 Handler address Exception processing Handler address: 00000040H (vector = 0nH) 00000050H (vector = 1nH) User's Manual U12197EJ6V0UM 137 CHAPTER 6 INTERRUPTS AND EXCEPTIONS 6.2.2 Exception trap An exception trap is an interrupt requested when an instruction is illegally executed. The illegal opcode instruction code trap (ILGOP: ILleGal OPcode trap) is the exception trap in the V850 Series. An illegal opcode instruction has an instruction code with an opcode (bits 10 through 5) of 111111B and subopcodes of 0111B through 1111B (bits 26 through 23) and 0B (bit16). When this kind of an illegal opcode instruction is executed, an illegal opcode instruction code trap occurs. Figure 6-4. Illegal Instruction Code 15 13 12 11 10 54 0 31 27 26 001 to 111 23 22 21 20 1 17 16 xxx xx111111xxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxx 1 Remark x: Don't care : Opcode/sub-opcode If an exception trap occurs, the CPU performs the following steps, and transfers control to the handler routine. (1) Saves restore PC to DBPC. (2) Saves current PSW to DBPSW. (3) Sets NP, EP, and ID bits of PSW. (4) Sets handler address (00000060H) for exception trap to PC and transfers control. Figure 6-5 illustrates how the exception trap is processed. Figure 6-5. Exception Trap Processing Format Exception trap (ILGOP) occurs DBPC DBPSW PSW.NP PSW.EP PSW.ID PC Restore PC PSW 1 1 1 00000060H Exception processing The execution address of the illegal instruction is obtained by "restore PC - 4" when an exception trap occurs. Caution In addition to the defined opcodes and illegal opcodes, there is a range of codes not recognized by this processor. If an instruction corresponding to these codes is executed, normal operation is undetermined. 138 User's Manual U12197EJ6V0UM CHAPTER 6 INTERRUPTS AND EXCEPTIONS 6.3 Restoring from Interrupt/Exception All restoration from interrupt servicing/exception processing is executed by the RETI instruction. With the RETI instruction, the processor performs the following steps, and transfers control to the address of the restore PC. (1) If the EP bit of the PSW is 0 and the NP bit of the PSW is 1, the restore PC and PSW are read from FEPC and FEPSW. Otherwise, the restore PC and PSW are read from EIPC and EIPSW. (2) Control is transferred to the address of the restored PC and PSW. When execution has returned from exception processing or non-maskable interrupt servicing, the NP and EP bits of the PSW must be set to the following values by using the LDSR instruction immediately before the RETI instruction, in order to restore the PC and PSW normally: To restore from non-maskable interrupt....................... NP bit of PSW = 1, EP bit = 0 To restore from maskable interrupt processing............ NP bit of PSW = 0, EP bit = 0 To restore from exception processing ......................... EP bit of PSW = 1 Figure 6-6 illustrates how restoration from an interrupt/exception is performed. Figure 6-6. Restoration from Interrupt/Exception RETI instruction No PSW.EP = 0 Yes Restoration from exception PSW.NP = 0 Yes No Restoration from maskable interrupt Restoration from non-maskable interrupt PC PSW EIPC EIPSW PC PSW FEPC FEPSW Jump to PC User's Manual U12197EJ6V0UM 139 CHAPTER 7 RESET When a low-level signal is input to the RESET pin, the system is reset, and all on-chip hardware is initialized. 7.1 Initialization When a low-level signal is input to the RESET pin, the system is reset, and each hardware register is set in the status shown in Table 7-1. When the RESET signal goes high, program execution begins. If necessary, initialize the contents of each register by program control. Table 7-1. Register Status After Reset Hardware (Symbol) Program counter Interrupt status saving registers NMI status saving registers Exception cause registers (ECR) Program status word CALLT caller status saving registers ILGOP caller status saving registers CALLT base pointer General-purpose registers PC EIPC EIPSW FEPC FEPSW FECC EICC PSW CTPC CTPSW DBPC DBPSW CTBP r0 r1 to r31 Status After Reset 00000000H Undefined Undefined Undefined Undefined 0000H 0000H 00000020H Undefined Undefined Undefined Undefined Undefined Fixed to 00000000H Undefined 7.2 Starting Up All devices in the V850 Series begin program execution from address 00000000H after reset. (PSW) to 0. No interrupt requests are acknowledged immediately after reset. To enable interrupts, clear the ID bit of the program status word 140 User's Manual U12197EJ6V0UM CHAPTER 8 PIPELINE The V850 Series is based on RISC architecture and executes almost all instructions in one clock cycle under the control of a 5-stage pipeline. The V850E/MS1 includes the V850E CPU core. The V850E CPU core, by optimizing the pipeline, improves the CPI (Cycles Per Instruction) rate over the previous V850 CPU core. The pipeline configuration of the V850E CPU core is shown in Figure 8-1. Figure 8-1. Pipeline Configuration Master pipeline (V850 CPU compatible) ID IF br/sld pipeline ID Address calculation stage EX DF WB Asynchronous WB pipeline MEM WB Load, store buffer (1 stage each) IF (instruction fetch): ID (instruction decode): EX (execution of ALU, multiplier, and barrel shifter): MEM (memory access): WB (write back): DF (data fetch): Instruction is fetched and fetch pointer is incremented. Instruction is decoded, immediate data is generated, and register is read. The decoded instruction is executed. The memory is accessed at a specified address. Result of execution is written to register. Execution data is transferred to the WB stage. User's Manual U12197EJ6V0UM 141 CHAPTER 8 PIPELINE 8.1 Features (1) Non-blocking load/store As the pipeline does not stop during external memory access, efficient processing is possible. For example, Figure 8-2 shows a comparison of pipeline operations between the V850 CPU and the V850E CPU when the ADD instruction is executed after the execution of a load instruction for external memory. Figure 8-2. Non-Blocking Load/Store Previous version (V850 CPU) Load instruction ADD instruction Next instruction V850E CPU Load instruction ADD instruction Next instruction IF Pipeline is stopped until MEM stage is complete ID IF EX ID IF MEM (external memory) Note 1 T1 T2 EX ID T3 WB MEM WB EX MEM WB Efficient pipeline processing through use of asynchronous WB pipeline IF ID IF EX ID IF MEM (external memory)Note 2 T1 EX ID T2 DF WB WB EX MEM WB Notes 1. The basic bus cycle for the external memory of the V850 is 3 clocks. 2. The basic bus cycle for the external memory of the V850E is 2 clocks. * V850 CPU The EX stage of the ADD instruction is usually executed in 1 clock. However, a wait time is generated in the EX stage of the ADD instruction during execution of the MEM stage of the previous load instruction. This is because the same stage of the 5 stages on the pipeline cannot be executed in the same internal clock interval. This also causes a wait time to be generated in the ID stage of the next instruction after the ADD instruction. * V850E CPU An asynchronous WB pipeline for the instructions that are necessary for the MEM stage is provided in addition to the master pipeline. The MEM stage of the load instruction is therefore processed on this asynchronous WB pipeline. Because the ADD instruction is processed on the master pipeline, a wait time is not generated, making it possible to execute instructions efficiently. 142 User's Manual U12197EJ6V0UM CHAPTER 8 PIPELINE (2) 2-clock branch When executing a branch instruction, the branch destination is decided in the ID stage. In the case of the conventional V850 CPU, the branch destination of when the branch instruction is executed was decided after execution of the EX stage, but in the case of the V850E CPU, due to the addition of an address calculation stage for branch/short load instructions, the branch destination is decided in the ID stage. Therefore, it is possible to fetch the branch destination instruction 1 clock faster than in the conventional V850 CPU. Figure 8-3 shows a comparison between the V850 CPU and the V850E CPU for pipeline operations with branch instructions. Figure 8-3. Pipeline Operations with Branch Instructions Previous version (V850 CPU) Branch destination decided in EX stage ID EX MEM IF WB ID EX MEM WB Branch instruction IF Branch destination instruction V850E CPU Branch instruction IF ID Branch destination decided in ID stage MEM IF WB ID EX MEM WB Branch destination instruction (3) Efficient pipeline processing Because the V850E CPU has an ID stage for branch/short-load instructions in addition to the ID stage on the master pipeline, it is possible to perform efficient pipeline processing. Figure 8-4 shows an example of a pipeline operation where the next branch instruction was fetched in the IF stage of the ADD instruction. The products of the V850 Series are 32-bit single-chip microcontrollers and the instruction fetch for the on-chip memory is performed in 32-bit (4-byte) units. Both ADD instructions and branch instructions use a 2-byte length instruction code. User's Manual U12197EJ6V0UM 143 CHAPTER 8 PIPELINE Figure 8-4. Parallel Execution of Branch Instructions Previous version (V850 CPU) ADD instruction Branch instruction IF ID IF EX ID (MEM) WB EX MEM IF WB ID EX MEM Branch destination instruction V850E CPU ADD instruction Branch instruction IF ID ID EX MEM IF DF WB ID EX MEM WB WB Branch destination instruction * V850 CPU Although the instruction codes up to the next branch instruction are fetched in the IF stage of the ADD instruction, the ID stage of the ADD instruction and the ID stage of the branch instruction cannot operate together within the same internal clock. Therefore, it takes 5 clocks from the branch instruction fetch to the branch destination instruction fetch. * V850E CPU Because V850E CPU has an ID stage for branch/short load instructions in addition to the ID stage on the master pipeline, the parallel execution of the ID stage of the ADD instruction and the ID stage of the branch instruction within the same internal clock is possible. Therefore, it takes only 3 clocks from the branch instruction fetch to the branch destination instruction. 144 User's Manual U12197EJ6V0UM CHAPTER 8 PIPELINE 8.2 Outline of Operation The instruction execution sequence of the V850 Series usually consists of five stages including fetch and writeback stages. The execution time of each stage differs depending on the type of the instruction and the type of the memory to be accessed. As an example of pipeline operation, Figure 8-5 shows the processing of the CPU when nine standard instructions are executed in succession. Figure 8-5. Example of Executing Nine Standard Instructions Time flow (state) Internal system clock Processing CPU performs simultaneously Instruction 1 Instruction 2 Instruction 3 Instruction 4 Instruction 5 Instruction 6 Instruction 7 Instruction 8 Instruction 9 IF 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 ID IF EX ID IF MEM EX ID IF WB MEM EX ID IF WB MEM EX ID IF WB MEM EX ID IF WB MEM EX ID IF End of instruction 4 WB MEM EX ID IF End of instruction 5 WB MEM WB EX MEM WB ID EX MEM WB End of instruction 6 End of instruction 7 End of instruction 8 End of instruction 9 End of instruction 1 End of instruction 2 End of instruction 3 Executes instruction every 1 clock cycle 1 through 13 in the figure above indicate the states of the CPU. In each state, write-back of instruction n, memory access of instruction n+1, execution of instruction n+2, decoding of instruction n+3, and fetching of instruction n+4 are simultaneously performed. It takes five clock cycles to process a standard instruction, including fetching and writeback. Because five instructions can be processed at the same time, however, a standard instruction can be executed in 1 clock on average. User's Manual U12197EJ6V0UM 145 CHAPTER 8 PIPELINE 8.3 Pipeline Flow During Execution of Instructions This section explains the pipeline flow during the execution of instructions. During instruction fetch (IF stage) and memory access (MEM stage), the internal ROM/flash memory and the internal RAM are accessed, respectively. In this case, the IF and MEM stages are processed in 1 clock. In all other cases, the required time for access consists of the fixed access time, with the addition in some cases of the path wait time. Access times are shown in Figure 8-2 below. Table 8-1. Access Times (in Clocks) Resource (Bus Width) Internal ROM/Flash Memory (32 Bits) 1 3 Internal RAM (32 Bits) 1 or 2 1 Internal Peripheral I/O (8/16 Bits) Not possible 3+n External MemoryNote (8/16 Bits) 2+n 2+n Stage Instruction fetch Memory access (MEM) Note When the external memory type is set to SRAM, I/O. Remark n: Wait number 8.3.1 Load instructions (1) LD 1 2 ID IF 3 EX ID 4 MEM EX 5 WB MEM WB 6 [Pipeline] LD instruction Next instruction IF [Description] The pipeline consists of 5 stages, IF, ID, EX, MEM, and WB. If an instruction using the execution result is placed immediately after the LD instruction, data wait time occurs. (2) SLD 1 2 ID IF 3 MEM ID 4 WB EX MEM WB 5 6 [Pipeline] SLD instruction Next instruction IF [Description] The pipeline consists of 4 stages, IF, ID, MEM and WB. 8.3.2 Store instructions [Instructions] ST, SST 1 2 ID IF 3 EX ID 4 MEM EX 5 WB MEM WB 6 [Pipeline] Store instruction Next instruction IF [Description] The pipeline consists of 5 stages, IF, ID, EX, MEM and WB. However, no operation is performed in the WB stage, because no data is written to registers. 146 User's Manual U12197EJ6V0UM CHAPTER 8 PIPELINE 8.3.3 Arithmetic operation instructions (excluding multiply and divide instructions) (1) Generic arithmetic operation instructions [Instructions] MOV, MOVEA, MOVHI, ADD, ADDI, CMP, SUB, SUBR, SETF, SASF, CMOV, ZXB, ZXH, SXB, SXH, BSH, BSW, HSW 1 2 ID IF 3 EX ID 4 DF EX 5 WB MEM WB 6 [Pipeline] Arithmetic operation instruction Next instruction IF [Description] The pipeline consists of 5 stages, IF, ID, EX, DF and WB. (2) Move word instruction [Instructions] MOV imm32 1 2 ID IF 3 EX1 4 EX2 ID 5 DF EX 6 WB MEM WB 7 [Pipeline] Arithmetic operation instruction Next instruction IF - -: Idle inserted for wait [Description] The pipeline consists of 6 stages, IF, ID, EX1, EX2, DF and WB. 8.3.4 Multiply instructions [Instructions] [Pipeline] MULH, MULHI, MUL, MULU (a) When next instruction is not multiply instruction 1 Multiply instruction Next instruction 2 ID IF 3 EX1 ID 4 EX2 EX 5 WB MEM 6 IF WB (b) When next instruction is multiply instruction 1 Multiply instruction 1 Multiply instruction 2 2 ID IF 3 EX1 ID 4 EX2 EX1 5 WB EX2 6 IF WB [Description] The pipeline consists of 5 stages, IF, ID, EX1, EX2, and WB. The EX stage requires 2 clocks, but the EX1 and EX2 stages can operate independently. Therefore, the number of clocks for instruction execution is always 1, even if several multiply instructions are executed in a row. However, if an instruction using the execution result is placed immediately after a multiply instruction, data wait time occurs. User's Manual U12197EJ6V0UM 147 CHAPTER 8 PIPELINE 8.3.5 Divide instructions [Instructions] [Pipeline] Divide instruction Next instruction Next to next instruction DIVH, DIV, DIVU, DIVHU 1 IF ID IF 2 3 EX1 4 EX2 36 37 38 39 40 41 EX34 EX35 ID IF DF EX ID WB MEM EX WB MEM WB - - - -: Idle inserted for wait [Description] When a DIVU or DIVHU instruction is executed, the pipeline consists of 38 stages of IF, ID, EX1 to EX34, DF, and WB. When a DIVH or DIV instruction is executed, the pipeline consists of 39 stages of IF, ID, EX1 to EX35, DF, and WB. 8.3.6 Logical operation instructions [Instructions] NOT, OR, ORI, XOR, XORI, AND, ANDI, TST, SHR, SAR, SHL 1 2 ID IF 3 EX ID 4 DF EX 5 WB MEM WB 6 [Pipeline] Logical operation instruction Next instruction IF [Description] The pipeline consists of 5 stages, IF, ID, EX, DF, and WB. 8.3.7 Saturation operation instructions [Instructions] SATADD, SATSUB, SATSUBI, SATSUBR 1 2 ID IF 3 EX ID 4 DF EX 5 WB MEM WB 6 [Pipeline] Saturation operation instruction Next instruction IF [Description] The pipeline consists of 5 stages, IF, ID, EX, DF, and WB. 148 User's Manual U12197EJ6V0UM CHAPTER 8 PIPELINE 8.3.8 Branch instructions (1) Conditional branch instructions [Instructions] Bcond instructions (BGT, BGE, BLT, BLE, BH, BNL, BL, BNH, BE, BNE, BV, BNV, BN, BP, BC, BNC, BZ, BNZ, BSA): Except BR instruction [Pipeline] (a) When the condition is not realized 1 Conditional branch instruction Next instruction 2 ID IF 3 MEM ID 4 WB EX 5 6 IF MEM WB (b) When the condition is realized 1 Conditional branch instruction Next instruction Branch destination instruction 2 ID IF x IF 3 MEM 4 WB 5 6 7 IF ID EX MEM WB IF x: Instruction fetch that is not executed [Description] The pipeline consists of 4 stages, IF, ID, MEM, and WB. However, no operation is performed in the MEM and WB stages, because memory is not accessed and no data is written to registers. (a) When the condition is not realized The number of execution clocks for the branch instruction is 1. (b) When the condition is realized The number of execution clocks for the branch instruction is 2. IF stage of the next instruction of the branch instruction is not executed. If an instruction overwriting the contents of PSW occurs immediately before a branch instruction execution, condition wait time occurs. (2) Unconditional branch instructions [Instructions] [Pipeline] Unconditional branch IF instruction Next instruction Branch destination instruction JR, JARL, BR 1 ID IF x IF ID EX MEM WB 2 3 MEM 4 WB * 5 6 7 IF x: Instruction fetch that is not executed the case of the JARL instruction, data is written to the restore PC. WB *: No operation is performed in the case of the JR instruction, and BR instruction but in User's Manual U12197EJ6V0UM 149 CHAPTER 8 PIPELINE [Description] The pipeline consists of 4 stages, IF, ID, MEM, and WB. However, no operation is performed in the MEM and WB stages, because memory is not accessed and no data is written to registers. However, in the case of the JARL instruction, data is written to the restore PC in the WB stage. Also, the IF stage of the next instruction of the branch instruction is not executed. (3) Register indirect branch instructions [Instructions] [Pipeline] Register indirect branch instruction Next instruction Branch destination instruction JMP, CTRET 1 IF ID IF x IF ID EX MEM 2 3 EX 4 MEM 5 WB 6 7 IF x: Instruction fetch that is not executed [Description] The pipeline consists of 5 stages, IF, ID, EX, MEM, and WB. However, no operation is performed in the MEM and WB stages, because memory is not accessed and no data is written to registers. (4) Table indirect call instructions [Instructions] [Pipeline] Table indirect call instruction Next instruction Branch destination instruction CALLT 1 IF ID IF x IF ID EX MEM WB 2 3 MEM 4 EX 5 MEM 6 WB 7 8 9 IF x: Instruction fetch that is not executed [Description] The pipeline consists of 6 stages, IF, ID, MEM, EX, MEM, and WB. However, no operation is performed in the second MEM and WB stages, because there is no second memory access and no data is written to registers. (5) Table indirect branch instructions [Instructions] [Pipeline] Table indirect branch IF instruction Next instruction Branch destination instruction SWITCH 1 ID IF x IF ID EX MEM WB 2 3 EX1 4 MEM 5 EX2 6 MEM 7 WB 8 9 10 IF x: Instruction fetch that is not executed 150 User's Manual U12197EJ6V0UM CHAPTER 8 PIPELINE [Description] The pipeline consists of 7 stages, IF, ID, EX1, MEM, EX2, MEM, and WB. However, no operation is performed in the second MEM and WB stages, because there is no second memory access and no data is written to registers. 8.3.9 Bit manipulation instructions (1) SET1, CLR1, NOT1 [Pipeline] SET1, CLR1, NOT1 instruction Next instruction Next to next instruction 1 IF ID IF 2 3 EX1 4 MEM 5 EX2 ID IF 6 MEM EX ID 7 WB MEM EX 8 9 - - WB MEM WB -: Idle inserted for wait [Description] The pipeline consists of 7 stages, IF, ID, EX1, MEM, EX2, MEM, and WB. However, no operation is performed in the WB stage, because no data is written to registers. In the case of these instructions, the memory access is read modify write, and the EX and MEM stages require 2 and 2 clocks, respectively. (2) TST1 [Pipeline] TST1 instruction Next instruction Next to next instruction 1 IF ID IF 2 3 EX1 4 MEM 5 EX2 ID IF 6 MEM EX ID 7 WB MEM EX 8 9 - - WB MEM WB -: Idle inserted for wait [Description] The pipeline consists of 7 stages, IF, ID, EX1, MEM, EX2, MEM, and WB. However, no operation is performed in the second MEM and WB stages, because there is no second memory access nor data write to registers. In the case of this instruction, the memory access is read modify write, and the EX and MEM stages require 2 and 2 clocks, respectively. User's Manual U12197EJ6V0UM 151 CHAPTER 8 PIPELINE 8.3.10 Special instructions (1) LDSR, STSR 1 2 ID IF 3 EX ID 4 DF EX 5 WB MEM WB 6 [Pipeline] LDSR, STSR instruction Next instruction IF [Description] The pipeline consists of 5 stages, IF, ID, EX, DF, and WB. If the STSR instruction using the EIPC and FEPC system registers is placed immediately after the LDSR instruction setting these registers, data wait time occurs. (2) NOP 1 2 ID IF 3 EX ID 4 MEM EX 5 WB MEM WB 6 [Pipeline] NOP instruction Next instruction IF [Description] The pipeline consists of 5 stages, IF, ID, EX, MEM, and WB. However, no operation is performed in the EX, MEM and WB stages, because no operation and no memory access is executed, and no data is written to registers. (3) EI, DI 1 2 ID IF 3 EX ID 4 MEM EX 5 WB MEM WB 6 [Pipeline] EI, DI instruction Next instruction IF [Description] The pipeline consists of 5 stages, IF, ID, EX, MEM, and WB. However, no operation is performed in the MEM and WB stages, because memory is not accessed and data is not written to registers. (4) HALT [Pipeline] 1 HALT instruction Next instruction Next to next instruction 2 ID IF 3 EX 4 MEM 5 WB 6 HALT release IF - - - - - ID IF EX ID MEM EX WB MEM WB -: Idle inserted for wait [Description] The pipeline consists of 5 stages, IF, ID, EX, MEM and WB. No operation is performed in the MEM and WB stages, because memory is not accessed and no data is written to registers. Also, for the next instruction, the ID stage is delayed until the HALT state is released. 152 User's Manual U12197EJ6V0UM CHAPTER 8 PIPELINE (5) TRAP 1 2 ID1 IF x IF ID EX MEM WB 3 ID2 4 EX 5 DF 6 WB 7 8 [Pipeline] TRAP instruction Next instruction IF Jump destination instruction IF x: Instruction fetch that is not executed ID1: TRAP code detect ID2: address generate [Description] The pipeline consists of 6 stages, IF, ID1, ID2, EX, DF, and WB. The ID stage requires 2 clocks. Also, the IF stage of the next instruction is not executed. (6) RETI 1 2 ID1 IF x IF ID EX MEM WB 3 ID2 4 EX 5 MEM 6 WB 7 8 [Pipeline] RETI instruction Next instruction IF Jump destination instruction IF x: Instruction fetch that is not executed ID1: register select ID2: read EIPC/FEPC [Description] The pipeline consists of 6 stages, IF, ID1, ID2, EX, MEM, and WB. However, no operation is performed in the MEM and WB stages, because memory is not accessed and no data is written to registers. The ID stage requires 2 clocks. Also, the IF stage of the next instruction is not executed. (7) PREPARE / DISPOSE [Instructions] [Pipeline] PREPARE, DISPOSE (a) PREPARE or DISPOSE without JMP 1 PREPARE, DISPOSE instruction Next instruction Branch destination instruction 2 ID IF 3 EX 4 MEM MEM MEM MEM EX ID WB MEM EX WB MEM WB IF - - - ID IF -: Idle inserted for wait User's Manual U12197EJ6V0UM 153 CHAPTER 8 PIPELINE (b) DISPOSE with JMP 1 DISPOSE instruction Next instruction Branch destination instruction 2 ID IF x 3 EX 4 MEM MEM MEM MEM WB IF IF ID EX IF x: Instruction fetch that is not executed -: [Description] Idle inserted for wait The pipeline consists of n (Number of register lists) + 4 stages, IF, ID, EX, n + 1 times MEM, and WB. The MEM stage requires n clocks. 154 User's Manual U12197EJ6V0UM CHAPTER 8 PIPELINE 8.4 Pipeline Disorder The pipeline consists of 5 stages from IF (Instruction Fetch) to WB (Write Back). Each stage basically requires 1 clock for processing, but the pipeline may become disordered, causing the number of execution clocks to increase. This section describes the main causes of pipeline disorder. 8.4.1 Alignment hazard If the branch destination instruction address is not word aligned (A1=1, A0=0) and is 4 bytes in length, it is necessary to repeat IF twice in order to align instructions in word units. This is called an align hazard. Look at this example: The instructions a to e are placed from address X0H, instruction b consists of 4 bytes, and the other instructions each consist of 2 bytes. In this case, instruction b is placed at X2H (A1=1, A0=0), and is not word aligned (A1=0, A0=0). Therefore, when this instruction b becomes the branch destination instruction, an align hazard occurs. When an align hazard occurs, the number of execution clocks of the branch instruction becomes 4. Figure 8-6. Align Hazard Example (a) Memory map 32 bits X8H X4H X0H Instruc- Instruction d tion e Instruc- Instruction b tion c Instruc- Instruction a tion b (b) Pipeline 1 2 3 4 5 WB ID IF EX ID MEM EX WB MEM 6 7 8 9 Branch instruction IF ID EX MEM Next instruction IF x Branch destination instruction IF1 IF2 (instruction b) Branch destination's next instruction (instruction c) WB IF : Instruction fetch that is not executed IF1: First instruction fetch that occurs during align hazard. It is a 2byte fetch that fetches the 2 bytes on the lower address of instruction b. IF2: Second instruction fetch that occurs during align hazard. It is normally a 4-byte fetch that fetches the 2 bytes on the upper address of instruction b in addition to instruction c (2-byte length). Address of branch destination instruction (instruction b) Align hazards can be prevented through the following handling in order to obtain faster instruction execution. * Use 2-byte branch destination instruction. * Use 4-byte instructions placed at word boundaries (A1=0, A0=0) for branch destination instructions. User's Manual U12197EJ6V0UM 155 CHAPTER 8 PIPELINE 8.4.2 Referencing execution result of load instruction For load instructions (LD, SLD), data read in the MEM stage is saved during the WB stage. Therefore, if the contents of the same register are used by the instruction immediately after the load instruction, it is necessary to delay the use of the register by this later instruction until the load instruction has finished using that register. This is called a hazard. The V850 Series has an interlock function that causes the CPU to automatically handle this hazard by delaying the ID stage of the next instruction. The V850 Series also has a short path that allows the data read during the MEM stage to be used in the ID stage of the next instruction. This short path allows data to be read with the load instruction during the MEM stage and the use of this data in the ID stage of the next instruction with the same timing. As a result of the above, when using the execution result in the instruction following immediately after, the number of execution clocks of the load instruction is 2. Figure 8-7. Example of Execution Result of Load Instruction 1 Load instruction 1 IF (LD [R4], R6) Instruction 2 (ADD 2, R6) Instruction 3 Instruction 4 2 ID IF EX IL IF 3 4 MEM ID - 5 WB EX ID IF 6 MEM EX ID 7 WB MEM EX 8 9 WB MEM WB IL: Idle inserted for data wait by interlock function -: Idle inserted for wait : Short path As described in Figure 8-7, when an instruction placed immediately after a load instruction uses its execution result, a data wait time occurs due to the interlock function, and the execution speed is lowered. This drop in execution speed can be avoided by placing instructions that use the execution result of a load instruction at least 2 instructions after the load instruction. 8.4.3 Referencing execution result of multiply instruction For multiply instructions (MULH, MULHI), the operation result is saved to the register in the WB stage. Therefore, if the contents of the same register are used by the instruction immediately after the multiply instruction, it is necessary to delay the use of the register by this later instruction until the multiply instruction has ended using that register (occurrence of hazard). The V850 Series interlock function delays the ID stage of the instruction following immediately after. A short path is also provided that allows the EX2 stage of the multiply instruction and the multiply instruction's operation result to be used in the ID stage of the instruction following immediately after with the same timing. Figure 8-8. Example of Execution Result of Multiply Instruction 1 Multiply instruction 1 IF (MULH 3, R6) Instruction 2 (ADD 2, R6) Instruction 3 Instruction 4 2 ID IF 3 EX1 IL IF 4 EX2 ID - 5 WB EX ID IF 6 MEM EX ID 7 WB MEM EX 8 9 WB MEM WB IL: Idle inserted for data wait by interlock function -: Idle inserted for wait : Short path 156 User's Manual U12197EJ6V0UM CHAPTER 8 PIPELINE As described in Figure 8-8, when an instruction placed immediately after a multiply instruction uses its execution result, a data wait time occurs due to the interlock function, and the execution speed is lowered. This drop in execution speed can be avoided by placing instructions that use the execution result of a multiply instruction at least 2 instructions after the multiply instruction. 8.4.4 Referencing execution result of LDSR instruction for EIPC and FEPC When using the LDSR instruction to set the data of the EIPC and FEPC system registers, and immediately after referencing the same system registers with the STSR instruction, the use of the system registers for the STSR instruction is delayed until the setting of the system registers with the LDSR instruction is completed (occurrence of hazard). The V850 Series interlock function delays the ID stage of the STSR instruction immediately after. As a result of the above, when using the execution result of the LDSR instruction for EIPC and FEPC for an STSR instruction following immediately after, the number of execution clocks of the LDSR instruction becomes 3. Figure 8-9. Example of Execution Result of LDSR Instruction for EIPC and FEPC LDSR instruction (LDSR R6, 0) Note IF STSR instruction Note (STSR 0, R7) Next instruction Next to next instruction 1 ID IF 2 EX IL IF 3 4 MEM IL - 5 WB ID - EX ID IF 6 7 MEM EX ID 8 WB MEM EX 9 10 WB MEM WB IL: Idle inserted for data wait by interlock function -: Idle inserted for wait Note System register 0 used for the LDSR and STSR instructions designates EIPC. As described in Figure 8-9, when an STSR instruction is placed immediately after an LDSR instruction that uses the operand EIPC or FEPC, and that STSR instruction uses the LDSR instruction execution result, the interlock function causes a data wait time to occur, and the execution speed is lowered. This drop in execution speed can be avoided by placing STSR instructions that reference the execution result of the preceding LDSR instruction at least 3 instructions after the LDSR instruction. 8.4.5 Cautions when creating programs When creating programs, pipeline disorder can be avoided and instruction execution speed can be raised by observing the following cautions. * Place instructions that use the execution result of load instructions (LD, SLD) at least 2 instructions after the load instruction. * Place instructions that use the execution result of multiply instructions (MULH, MULHI) at least 2 instructions after the multiply instruction. * If using the STSR instruction to read the setting results written to the EIPC or FEPC registers with the LDSR instruction, place the STSR instruction at least 3 instructions after the LDSR instruction. * For the first branch destination instruction, use a 2-byte instruction, or a 4-byte instruction placed at the word boundary. User's Manual U12197EJ6V0UM 157 APPENDIX A INSTRUCTION MNEMONICS (IN ALPHABETICAL ORDER) This appendix shows a list of the instruction mnemonics described previously. These instruction mnemonics are listed in alphabetical order for easy reference. Instruction Mnemonic Operand Format CY OV S Z SAT Convention ADD reg1, reg2 I * * * * - Instruction Mnemonic Operand Name Indicates Instruction Format Describes Movement of Flags Name reg1 reg2 reg3 bit#3 immx dispx regID vector cccc listx Meaning General-purpose register (used as source register) General-purpose register (mainly used as destination register. Some are also used as source registers) General-purpose register (stores mainly division reminder and higher 32 bits of multiplication results) 3-bit data for bit number specification x-bit immediate x-bit displacement system register number Trap handler address corresponding to trap vector 4-bit data for 4-bit condition code specification List of registers (x is a maximum number of registers) Identifier 0 * - Reset (to 0) Meaning Set (to 1) or reset (to 0) according to instruction execution result No change 158 User's Manual U12197EJ6V0UM APPENDIX A INSTRUCTION MNEMONICS (IN ALPHABETICAL ORDER) Table A-1. Instruction Mnemonics (in Alphabetical Order) (1/12) Instruction Mnemonic - Operand Format CY OV S Z SAT Instruction Function ADD reg1, reg2 I * * * * Add. Adds the word data of reg1 to the word data of reg2, and stores the result in reg2. Add. Adds the 5-bit immediate data, signextended to word length, to the word data of reg2, and stores the result in reg2. Add Immediate. Adds the 16-bit immediate data, sign-extended to word length, to the word data of reg1, and stores the result in reg2. And. ANDs the word data of reg2 with the word data of reg1, and stores the result in reg2. And. ANDs the word data of reg1 with the 16-bit immediate data, zero-extended to word length, and stores the result in reg2. Branch on Condition Code. Tests a condition flag specified by an instruction. Branches if the specified condition is satisfied; otherwise, executes the next instruction. The branch destination PC holds the sum of the current PC value and 9-bit displacement which is the 8-bit immediate shifted 1 bit and sign-extended to word length. Byte Swap Halfword. Performs endian conversion. Byte Swap Word. Performs endian conversion. Call with Table Look Up. Based on CTBP contents, updates PC value and transfers control. Clear Bit. Adds the data of reg1 to a 16-bit displacement, sign-extended to word length, to generate a 32-bit address. Then clears the bit specified by the instruction bit field, of the byte data referenced by the generated address. ADD imm5, reg2 II * * * * - ADDI imm16, reg1, reg2 VI * * * * - AND reg1, reg2 I - 0 * * - ANDI imm16, reg1, reg2 VI - 0 * * - Bcond disp9 III - - - - - BSH reg2, reg3 XII * 0 * * - BSW CALLT reg2, reg3 imm6 XII II * - 0 - * - * - - - CLR1 bit#3, disp16 [reg1] VIII - - - * - User's Manual U12197EJ6V0UM 159 APPENDIX A INSTRUCTION MNEMONICS (IN ALPHABETICAL ORDER) Table A-1. Instruction Mnemonics (in Alphabetical Order) (2/12) Instruction Mnemonic - - - - Operand Format CY OV S Z SAT Instruction Function CLR1 reg2 [reg1] IX * Clear Bit. First, reads the data of reg1 to generate a 32-bit address. Then clears the bit specified by the data of lower 3 bits of reg2 of the byte data referenced by the generated address. Conditional Move. Reg3 is set to reg1 if the condition specified by condition code "cccc" is satisfied; otherwise, set to the data of reg2. Conditional Move. Reg3 is set to the data of 5immediate, sign-extended to word length, if the condition specified by condition code "cccc" is satisfied; otherwise, set to the data of reg2. Compare. Compares the word data of reg2 with the word data of reg1, and indicates the result by using the condition flags. To compare, the contents of reg1 are subtracted from the word data of reg2. Compare. Compares the word data of reg2 with the 5-bit immediate data, sign-extended to word-length, and indicates the result by using the condition flags. To compare, the contents of the sign-extended immediate data are subtracted from the word data of reg2. Restore from CALLT. Fetches the restore PC and PWS from the appropriate system register and restores from the routine called by CALLT. Disables Interrupt. Sets the ID flag of the PSW to 1 to disable the acknowledgement of maskable interrupts; interrupts are immediately disabled at the start of this instruction execution. Function Dispose. Adds the data of 5-bit immediate imm5, logically shifted left by 2 and zero-extended to word length, to sp. Then pops (loads data from the address specified by sp and adds 4 to sp) the general-purpose registers listed in list12. CMOV cccc, reg1, reg2, reg3 XI - - - - - CMOV cccc, imm5, reg2, reg3 XII - - - - - CMP reg1, reg2 I * * * * - CMP imm5, reg2 II * * * * - CTRET X * * * * * DI - X - - - - - DISPOSE imm5, list12 XIII - - - - - 160 User's Manual U12197EJ6V0UM APPENDIX A INSTRUCTION MNEMONICS (IN ALPHABETICAL ORDER) Table A-1. Instruction Mnemonics (in Alphabetical Order) (3/12) Instruction Mnemonic - - - - - Operand Format CY OV S Z SAT Instruction Function DISPOSE imm5, list12, [reg1] XIII Function Dispose. Adds the data of 5-bit immediate imm5, logically shifted left by 2 and zero-extended to word length, to sp. Then pops (load data from the address specified by sp and adds 4 to sp) the general-purpose registers listed in list12, transfers control to the address specified by reg1. Divide Word. Divides the word data of reg2 by the word data of reg1, and stores the quotient in reg2 and the remainder in reg3. In the case of division by 0, overflow occurs and the quotient is undefined. Divide Halfword. Divides the word data of reg2 by the lower halfword data of reg1, and stores the quotient in reg2. Divide Halfword. Divides word data of reg2 by lower halfword data of reg1, and stores the quotient in reg2 and the remainder in reg3. Divide Halfword Unsigned. Divides word data of reg2 by lower halfword data of reg1, and stores the quotient in reg2 and the remainder in reg3. Divide Word Unsigned. Divides the word data of reg2 by the word data of reg1, and stores the quotient in reg2 and the remainder in reg3. Enable Interrupt. Resets the ID flag of the PSW to 0 and enables the acknowledgement of maskable interrupts at the beginning of the next instruction. Halt. Stops the operating clock of the CPU and places the CPU in the HALT mode. Halfword Swap Word. Performs endian conversion. Jump and Register Link. Saves the current PC value plus 4 to general register reg2, adds a 22bit displacement, sign-extended to word length, to the current PC value, and transfers control to the PC. Bit 0 of the 22-bit displacement is masked by 0. DIV reg1, reg2, reg3 XI - * * * - DIVH reg1, reg2 I - * * * - DIVH reg1, reg2, reg3 XI - * * * - DIVHU reg1, reg2, reg3 XI - * * * - DIVU reg1, reg2, reg3 XI - * * * - EI - X - - - - - HALT - X - - - - - HSW reg2, reg3 XII * 0 * * - JARL disp22, reg2 V - - - - - User's Manual U12197EJ6V0UM 161 APPENDIX A INSTRUCTION MNEMONICS (IN ALPHABETICAL ORDER) Table A-1. Instruction Mnemonics (in Alphabetical Order) (4/12) Instruction Mnemonic - - - - - Operand Format CY OV S Z SAT Instruction Function JMP [reg1] I Jump Register. Transfers control to the address specified by reg1. Bit 0 of the address is masked by 0. Jump Relative. Adds a 22-bit displacement, sign-extended to word length, to the current PC value, and transfers control to the PC. Bit 0 of the 22-bit displacement is masked by 0. Byte Load. Adds the data of reg1 to a 16-bit displacement, sign-extended to word length, to generate a 32-bit address. Byte data is read from the generated address, sign-extended to word length, and then stored in reg2. Halfword Load. Adds the data of reg1 to a 16-bit displacement, sign-extended to word length, to generate a 32-bit address. Halfword data is read from this 32-bit address with bit 0 masked by 0, sign-extended to word length, and stored to reg2. Word Load. Adds the data of reg1 to a 16-bit displacement, sign-extended to word length, to generate a 32-bit address. Word data is read from this 32-bit address with bits 0 and 1 masked by 0, and stored in reg2. Unsigned Byte Load. Adds the data of reg1 and the 16-bit displacement sign-extended to word length, and generates a 32-bit address. Then reads the byte data from the generated address, zero-extends it to word length, and stores it in reg2. Unsigned Halfword Load. Adds the data of reg1 and the 16-bit displacement sign-extended to word length to generate a 32-bit address. Reads the halfword data from the address masking bit 0 of this 32-bit address by 0, zero-extends it to word length, and stores it in reg2. Load to System Register. Set the word data of reg2 to a system register specified by regID. If regID is PSW, the values of the corresponding bits of reg2 are set to the respective flags of the PSW. JR disp22 V - - - - - LD.B disp16 [reg1], reg2 VII - - - - - LD.H disp16 [reg1], reg2 VII - - - - - LD.W disp16 [reg1], reg2 VII - - - - - LD.BU disp16 [reg1], reg2 VII - - - - - LD.HU disp16 [reg1], reg2 VII - - - - - LDSR reg2, regID IX - - - - - 162 User's Manual U12197EJ6V0UM APPENDIX A INSTRUCTION MNEMONICS (IN ALPHABETICAL ORDER) Table A-1. Instruction Mnemonics (in Alphabetical Order) (5/12) Instruction Mnemonic - - - - - - - - - - Operand Format CY OV S Z SAT Instruction Function MOV MOV reg1, reg2 imm5, reg2 I II Move. Transfers the word data of reg1 to reg2. Move. Transfers the value of a 5-bit immediate data, sign-extended to word length, to reg2. Move. Transfers the 32-bit immediate data to reg1. Move Effective Address. Adds a 16-bit immediate data, sign-extended to word length, to the word data of reg1, and stores the result in reg2. Move High Halfword. Adds word data, in which the higher 16 bits are defined by the 16-bit immediate data while the lower 16 bits are set to 0, to the word data of reg1 and stores the result in reg2. Multiply Word. Multiplies the word data of reg2 by the word data of reg1, and stores the result in reg2 and reg3 as double-word data. MultiplyWord. Multiplies the word data of reg2 by the 9-bit immediate data sign-extended to word length, and stores the result in reg2 and reg3. Multiply Halfword. Multiplies the lower halfword data of reg2 by the lower halfword data of reg1, and stores the result in reg2 as word data. Multiply Halfword. Multiplies the lower halfword data of reg2 by a 5-bit immediate data, signextended to halfword length, and stores the result in reg2 as word data. Multiply Halfword Immediate. Multiplies the lower halfword data of reg1 by a 16-bit immediate data, and stores the result in reg2. Multiply Word Unsigned. Multiplies the word data of reg2 by the word data of reg1, and stores the result in reg2 and reg3 as doubleword data. reg1 is not affected. MOV imm32, reg1 VI - - - - - MOVEA imm16, reg1, reg2 VI - - - - - MOVHI imm16, reg1, reg2 VI - - - - - MUL reg1, reg2, reg3 XI - - - - - MUL imm9, reg2, reg3 XII - - - - - MULH reg1, reg2 I - - - - - MULH imm5, reg2 II - - - - - MULHI imm16, reg1, reg2 VI - - - - - MULU reg1, reg2, reg3 XI - - - - - User's Manual U12197EJ6V0UM 163 APPENDIX A INSTRUCTION MNEMONICS (IN ALPHABETICAL ORDER) Table A-1. Instruction Mnemonics (in Alphabetical Order) (6/12) Instruction Mnemonic - - - - - Operand Format CY OV S Z SAT Instruction Function MULU imm9, reg2, reg3 XII Multiply Word Unsigned. Multiplies the word data of reg2 by the 9-bit immediate data signextended to word length, and store the result in reg2 and reg3. No Operation. Not. Logically negates (takes 1's complement of) the word data of reg1, and stores the result in reg2. Not Bit. First, adds the data of reg1 to a 16-bit displacement, sigh-extended to word length, to generate a 32-bit address. The bit specified by the 3-bit field "bbb" is inverted at the byte data location referenced by the generated address. Not Bit. First, reads reg1 to generate a 32-bit address. The bit specified by the lower 3 bits of reg2 of the byte data of the generated address is inverted. Or. ORs the word data of reg2 with the word data of reg1, and stores the result in reg2. Or Immediate. ORs the word data of reg1 with the 16-bit immediate data, zero-extended to word length, and stores the result in reg2. Function Prepare. The general-purpose register displayed in list12 is saved (4 is subtracted from sp, and the data is stored in that address). Next, the data is logically shifted 2 bits to the left, and the 5-bit immediate data zero-extended to word length is subtracted from sp. Function Prepare. The general-purpose register displayed in list12 is saved (4 is subtracted from sp, and the data is stored in that address). Next, the data is logically shifted 2 bits to the left, and the 5-bit immediate data zero-extended to word length is subtracted from sp. Then, the data specified by the third operand is loaded to ep. NOP NOT reg1, reg2 - I I - - - 0 - * - * - - NOT1 bit#3, disp16 [reg1] VIII - - - * - NOT1 reg2 [reg1] IX - - - * - OR reg1, reg2 I - 0 * * - ORI imm16, reg1, reg2 VI - 0 * * - PREPARE list12, imm5 XIII - - - - - PREPARE list12, imm5, sp/imm XIII - - - - - 164 User's Manual U12197EJ6V0UM APPENDIX A INSTRUCTION MNEMONICS (IN ALPHABETICAL ORDER) Table A-1. Instruction Mnemonics (in Alphabetical Order) (7/12) Instruction Mnemonic - Operand Format CY OV S Z SAT Instruction Function RETI X * * * * * Return from Trap or Interrupt. Reads the restore PC and PSW from the appropriate system register, and restores from an exception or interrupt routine. Shift Arithmetic Right. Arithmetically shifts the word data of reg2 to the right by `n' positions, where `n' is specified by the lower 5 bits of reg1 (the MSB prior to shift execution is copied and set as the new MSB), and then writes the result to reg2. Shift Arithmetic Right. Arithmetically shifts the word data of reg2 to the right by `n' positions specified by the lower 5-bit immediate data, zero-extended to word length (the MSB prior to shift execution is copied and set as the new MSB), and then writes the result to reg2. Shift and Set Flag Condition. Reg2 is logically shifted left by 1, and its LSB is set to 1 if the condition specified by condition code "cccc" is satisfied; otherwise, LSB is set to 0. Saturated Add. Adds the word data of reg1 to the word data of reg2, and stores the result in reg2. However, if the result exceeds the maximum positive value, the maximum positive value is stored in reg2; if the result exceeds the maximum negative value, the maximum negative value is stored in reg2. The SAT flag is set to 1. Saturated Add. Adds the 5-bit immediate data, sign-extended to word length, to the word data of reg2, and stores the result in reg2. However, if the result exceeds the maximum positive value, the maximum positive value is stored in reg2; if the result exceeds the maximum negative value, the maximum negative value is stored in reg2. The SAT flag is set to 1. SAR reg1, reg2 IX * 0 * * - SAR imm5, reg2 II * 0 * * - SASF cccc, reg2 IX - - - - - SATADD reg1, reg2 I * * * * * SATADD imm5, reg2 II * * * * * User's Manual U12197EJ6V0UM 165 APPENDIX A INSTRUCTION MNEMONICS (IN ALPHABETICAL ORDER) Table A-1. Instruction Mnemonics (in Alphabetical Order) (8/12) Instruction Mnemonic Operand Format CY OV S Z SAT Instruction Function SATSUB reg1, reg2 I * * * * * Saturated Subtract. Subtracts the word data of reg1 from the word data of reg2, and stores the result in reg2. However, if the result exceeds the maximum positive value, the maximum positive value is stored in reg2; if the result exceeds the maximum negative value, the maximum negative value is stored in reg2. The SAT flag is set to 1. Saturated Subtract Immediate. Subtracts a 16bit immediate data, sign-extended to word length, from the word data of reg1, and stores the result in reg2. However, if the result exceeds the maximum positive value, the maximum positive value is stored in reg2; if the result exceeds the maximum negative value, the maximum negative value is stored in reg2. The SAT flag is set to 1. Saturated Subtract Reverse. Subtracts the word data of reg2 from the word data of reg1, and stores the result in reg2. However, if the result exceeds the maximum positive value, the maximum positive value is stored in reg2; if the result exceeds the maximum negative value, the maximum negative value is stored in reg2. The SAT flag is set to 1. Set Flag Condition. The reg2 is set to 1 if the condition specified by condition code "cccc" is satisfied; otherwise, a 0 is stored in the register. Set Bit. First, adds a 16-bit displacement, signextended to word length, to the data of reg1 to generate a 32-bit address. The bits, specified by the 3-bit field "bbb", are set at the byte data location specified by the generated address. Set Bit. First, reads the data of general-purpose register reg1 to generate a 32-bit address. The bit specified by the data of the lower 3 bits of reg2 is set at the byte data location referenced by the generated address. SATSUBI imm16, reg1, reg2 VI * * * * * SATSUBR reg1, reg2 I * * * * * SETF cccc, reg2 IX - - - - - SET1 bit#3, disp16 [reg1] VIII - - - * - SET1 reg2, [reg1] IX - - - * - 166 User's Manual U12197EJ6V0UM APPENDIX A INSTRUCTION MNEMONICS (IN ALPHABETICAL ORDER) Table A-1. Instruction Mnemonics (in Alphabetical Order) (9/12) Instruction Mnemonic - Operand Format CY OV S Z SAT Instruction Function SHL reg1, reg2 IX * 0 * * Shift Logical Left. Logically shifts the word data of reg2 to the left by `n' positions (0 is shifted to the LSB side), where `n' is specified by the lower 5 bits of reg1, and then writes the result to reg2. Shift Logical Left. Logically shifts the word data of reg2 to the left by `n' positions (0 is shifted to the LSB side), where `n' is specified by a 5-bit immediate data, zero-extended to word length, and then writes the result to reg2. Shift Logical Right. Logically shifts the word data of reg2 to the right by `n' positions (0 is shifted to the MSB side), where `n' is specified by the lower 5 bits of reg1, and then writes the result to reg2. Shift Logical Right. Logically shifts the word data of reg2 to the right by `n' positions (0 is shifted to the MSB side), where `n' is specified by a 5-bit immediate data, zero-extended to word length, and then writes the result to reg2. Byte Load. Adds the 7-bit displacement, zeroextended to word length, to the element pointer to generate a 32-bit address. Byte data is read from the generated address, sign-extended to word length, and then stored in reg2. Halfword Load. Adds the 8-bit displacement, zero-extended to word length, to the element pointer to generate a 32-bit address. Halfword data is read from this 32-bit address with bit 0 masked by 0, sign-extended to word length, and stored in reg2. Word Load. Adds the 8-bit displacement, zeroextended to word length, to the element pointer to generate a 32-bit address. Word data is read from this 32-bit address with bits 0 and 1 masked by 0, and stored in reg2. SHL imm5, reg2 II * 0 * * - SHR reg1, reg2 IX * 0 * * - SHR imm5, reg2 II * 0 * * - SLD.B disp7 [ep], reg2 IV - - - - - SLD.H disp8 [ep], reg2 IV - - - - - SLD.W disp8 [ep], reg2 IV - - - - - User's Manual U12197EJ6V0UM 167 APPENDIX A INSTRUCTION MNEMONICS (IN ALPHABETICAL ORDER) Table A-1. Instruction Mnemonics (in Alphabetical Order) (10/12) Instruction Mnemonic - - - - - Operand Format CY OV S Z SAT Instruction Function SLD.BU disp4 [ep], reg2 IV Unsigned Byte Load. Adds the 4-bit displacement, zero-extended to word length, to the element pointer to generate a 32-bit address. Byte data is read from the generated address, zero-extended to word-length, and stored in reg2. Unsigned Halfword Load. Adds the 5-bit displacement, zero-extended to word length, to the element pointer to generate a 32-bit address. Halfword data is read from this 32-bit address with bit 0 masked by 0, zero-extended to word-length, and stored in reg2. Byte Store. Adds the 7-bit displacement, zeroextended to word length, to the element pointer to generate a 32-bit address, and stores the data of the lowest byte of reg2 in the generated address. Halfword Store. Adds the 8-bit displacement, zero-extended to word length, to the element pointer to generate a 32-bit address, and stores the lower halfword of reg2 in the generated 32bit address with bit 0 masked by 0. Word Store. Adds the 8-bit displacement, zeroextended to word length, to the element pointer to generate a 32-bit address, and stores the word data of reg2 in the generated 32-bit address with bits 0 and 1 masked by 0. Byte Store. Adds the 16-bit displacement, signextended to word length, to the data of reg1 to generate a 32-bit address, and stores the lowest byte data of reg2 in the generated address. Halfword Store. Adds the 16-bit displacement, sign-extended to word length, to the data of reg1 to generate a 32-bit address, and stores the lower halfword of reg2 in the generated 32bit address with bit 0 masked by 0. SLD.HU disp5 [ep], reg2 IV - - - - - SST.B reg2, disp7 [ep] IV - - - - - SST.H reg2, disp8 [ep] IV - - - - - SST.W reg2, disp8 [ep] IV - - - - - ST.B reg2, disp16 [reg1] VII - - - - - ST.H reg2, disp16 [reg1] VII - - - - - 168 User's Manual U12197EJ6V0UM APPENDIX A INSTRUCTION MNEMONICS (IN ALPHABETICAL ORDER) Table A-1. Instruction Mnemonics (in Alphabetical Order) (11/12) Instruction Mnemonic - - - - - Operand Format CY OV S Z SAT Instruction Function ST.W reg2, disp16 [reg1] VII Word Store. Adds the 16-bit displacement, signextended to word length, to the data of reg1 to generate a 32-bit address, and stores the word data of reg2 in the generated 32-bit address with bits 0 and 1 masked by 0. Store Contents of System Register. Stores the contents of the system register specified by regID in reg2. Subtract. Subtracts the word data of reg1 from the word data of reg2, and stores the result in reg2. Subtract Reverse. Subtracts the word data of reg2 from the word data of reg1, and stores the result in reg2. Jump with Table Look Up. Adds the table entry address (address following the SWITCH instruction) and data of reg1 logically shifted to the left by 1 bit, and loads the halfword entry data specified by the table entry address. Next, logically shifts to the left by 1 bit the loaded data, and after sign-extending it to word length, branches to the target address added to the table entry address (instruction following the SWITCH instruction). Sign Extend Byte. Sign-extends the lowermost byte of reg1 to word length. Sign Extend Halfword. Sign-extends lower halfword of reg1 to word length. Trap. Saves the restore PC and PSW to EIPC and EIPSW, respectively; sets the exception code (EICC and ECR) and the flags of the PSW (EP and ID flags); jumps to the address of the trap handler corresponding to the trap vector specified by vector number (0 to 31), and starts exception processing. Test. ANDs the word data of reg2 with the word data of reg1. The result is not stored, and only the flags are changed. STSR regID, reg2 IX - - - - - SUB reg1, reg2 I * * * * - SUBR reg1, reg2 I * * * * - SWITCH reg1 I - - - - - SXB reg1 I - - - - - SXH reg1 I - - - - - TRAP vector X - - - - - TST reg1, reg2 I - 0 * * - User's Manual U12197EJ6V0UM 169 APPENDIX A INSTRUCTION MNEMONICS (IN ALPHABETICAL ORDER) Table A-1. Instruction Mnemonics (in Alphabetical Order) (12/12) Instruction Mnemonic - - - - Operand Format CY OV S Z SAT Instruction Function TST1 bit#3, disp16 [reg1] VIII * Test Bit. Adds the data of reg1 to a 16-bit displacement, sigh-extended to word length, to generate a 32-bit address. Performs the test on the bit specified by the 3-bit field "bbb" at the byte data location referenced by the generated address. If the specified bit is 0, the Z flag is set to 1; if the bit is 1, the Z flag is reset to 0. The byte data, including the specified bit, is not affected. Test Bit. First, reads the data of reg1 to generate a 32-bit address. If the bits indicated by the lower 3 bits of reg2 of the byte data of the generated address are 0, the Z flag is set, and if they are 1, reset is performed. Exclusive Or. Exclusively ORs the word data of reg2 with the word data of reg1, and stores the result in reg2. Exclusive Or Immediate. Exclusively ORs the word data of reg1 with a 16-bit immediate data, zero-extended to word length, and stores the result in reg2. Zero Extend Byte. Zero-extends to word length the lowest byte of reg1. Zero Extend Halfword. Zero-extends to word length the lower halfword of reg1. TST1 reg2, [reg1] IX - - - * - XOR reg1, reg2 I - 0 * * - XORI imm16, reg1, reg2 VI - 0 * * - ZXB reg1 I - - - - - ZXH reg1 I - - - - - 170 User's Manual U12197EJ6V0UM APPENDIX B INSTRUCTION LIST Table B-1. Mnemonic List (1/2) Mnemonic Load/store LD.B LD.H LD.W LD.BU LD.HU SLD.B SLD.H SLD.W SLD.BU SLD.HU ST.B ST.H ST.W SST.B SST.H SST.W Load Byte Load Half-word Load Word Load Byte Unsigned Load Half-word Unsigned Load Byte Load Half-word Load Word Load Byte Unsigned Load Half-word Unsigned Store Byte Store Half-word Store Word Store Byte Store Half-word Store Word Integer arithmetic operation/logical operation/ saturated operation (1-operand register) ZXB ZXH SXB SXH Zero Extended Byte Zero Extended Half-word Sign Extended Byte Sign Extended Half-word (2-operand register) MOV ADD SUB SUBR MULH DIVH CMP SATADD SATSUB SATSUBR TST OR AND XOR NOT SHL SHR Move Add Subtract Subtract Reverse Multiply Half-word Divide Half-word Compare Saturated Add Saturated Subtract Saturated Subtract Reverse Test Or And Exclusive Or Not Shift Logical Left Shift Logical Right Function Mnemonic SAR BSH BSW HSW Function Shift Arithmetic Right Byte Swap Half-word Byte Swap Word Half-word Swap Word (2-operand immediate) MOV ADD CMP SATADD SETF SHL SHR SAR SASF Move Add Compare Saturated Add Set Flag Condition Shift Logical Left Shift Logical Right Shift Arithmetic Right Shift and Set Flag Condition (3-operand register) MUL MULU DIVH DIV DIVHU DIVU Multiply Word Multiply Word Unsigned Divide Half-word Divide Word Divide Half-word Unsigned Divide Word Unsigned (3-operand immediate) MOVHI MOVEA ADDI MULHI SATSUBI ORI ANDI XORI MUL MULU Move High Half-word Move Effective Address Add Immediate Multiply Half-word Immediate Saturated Subtract Immediate Or Immediate And Immediate Exclusive Or Immediate Multiply Word Multiply Word Unsigned Branch JMP JR JARL Bcond Jump Register Jump Relative Jump and Register Link Branch on Condition Code User's Manual U12197EJ6V0UM 171 APPENDIX B INSTRUCTION LIST Table B-1. Mnemonic List (2/2) Mnemonic Bit manipulation SET1 CLR1 NOT1 TST1 Set Bit Clear Bit Not Bit Test Bit Special LDSR STSR TRAP RETI HALT DI EI NOP SWITCH PREPARE DISPOSE CALLT CTRET Load System Register Store System Register Trap Return from Trap or Interrupt Halt Disable Interrupt Enable Interrupt No Operation Jump with Table Look Up Function Prepare Function Dispose Call with Table Look Up Return from CALLT Function 172 User's Manual U12197EJ6V0UM APPENDIX B INSTRUCTION LIST Table B-2. Instruction Set (1/2) Instruction Code b10 * * * * b5 000000 000001 000010 000010 000011 000101 000100 000101 000101 000110 000110 000111 001100 001000 001001 001010 001011 001100 001101 001110 001111 010000 010001 01000X 010010 010011 010100 010101 010110 010111 000011 000011 0110XX 0111XX 1000XX 1001XX 1010XX 1010XX 1011XX 110000 110001 110001 110010 110011 110100 110101 110110 110111 MOV NOT DIHV SWITCH JMP SATSUBR ZXB SATSUB SXB SATADD ZXH MULH SXH OR XOR AND TST SUBR SUB ADD CMP MOV SATADD CALLT ADD CMP SHR SAR SHL MULH SLD.BU SLD.HU SLD.B SST.B SLD.H SST.H SLD.W SST.W Bcond ADDI MOVEA MOV MOVHI SATSUBI ORI XORI ANDI MULHI Instruction Format Format Remarks reg1, reg2 reg1, reg2 reg1, reg2 reg1 [reg1] reg1, reg2 reg1 reg1, reg2 reg1 reg1, reg2 reg1 reg1, reg2 reg1 reg1, reg2 reg1, reg2 reg1, reg2 reg1, reg2 reg1, reg2 reg1, reg2 reg1, reg2 reg1, reg2 imm5, reg2 imm5, reg2 imm6 imm5, reg2 imm5, reg2 imm5, reg2 imm5, reg2 imm5, reg2 imm5, reg2 disp4 [ep], reg2 disp5 [ep], reg2 disp7 [ep], reg2 reg2, disp7 [ep] disp8 [ep], reg2 reg2, disp8 [ep] disp8 [ep], reg2 reg2, disp8 [ep] disp9 imm16, reg, reg2 imm16, reg1, reg2 imm32, reg1 imm16, reg1, reg2 imm16, reg1, reg2 imm16, reg1, reg2 imm16, reg1, reg2 im16, reg1, reg2 imm16, reg1, reg2 I When reg1, reg2 = 0, NOP II IV III VI User's Manual U12197EJ6V0UM 173 APPENDIX B INSTRUCTION LIST Table B-2. Instruction Set (2/2) Instruction Code b10 * * * * b5 111000 111001 111010 111010 111011 111011 11110X 111111 11110X 111110 111110 111110 111110 111111 111111 111111 111111 111111 111111 111111 111111 111111 111111 111111 111111 111111 111111 111111 111111 111111 111111 111111 111111 111111 111111 111111 111111 111111 111111 111111 111111 111111 111111 111111 11001X 11001X 11110X 11110X LD.B LD.H LD.W ST.B ST.H ST.W LD.BU LD.HU JARL SET1 CLR1 NOT1 TST1 SETF LDSR STSR SHR SAR SHL SASF CLR1 NOT1 SET1 TST1 Instruction Format Format Remarks disp16 [reg1], reg2 disp16 [reg1], reg2 disp16 [reg1], reg2 reg2, disp16 [reg1] reg2, disp16 [reg1] reg2, disp16 [reg1] disp16 [reg1], reg2 disp16 [reg1], reg2 disp22, reg2 bit#3, disp16 [reg1] bit#3, disp16 [reg1] bit#3, disp16 [reg1] bit#3, disp16 [reg1] cccc, reg2 reg2, regID regID, reg2 reg1, reg2 reg1, reg2 reg1, reg2 cccc, reg2 reg2, [reg1] reg2, [reg1] reg2, [reg1] reg2, [reg1] VII V VIII When reg2 = 0, JR disp22 IX TRAP vector HALT RETI DI EI CTRET Undefined instruction DIVH DIV DIVHU DIVU MUL MULU CMOV MUL MULU CMOV BSH BSW HSW DISPOSE DISPOSE PREPARE PREPARE reg1, reg2, reg3 reg1, reg2, reg3 reg1, reg2, reg3 reg1, reg2, reg3 reg1, reg2, reg3 reg1, reg2, reg3 cccc, reg1, reg2, reg3 imm9, reg2, reg3 imm9, reg2, reg3 cccc, imm5 reg2, reg3 reg2, reg3 reg2, reg3 reg2, reg3 imm5, list12 imm5, list12 [reg1] list12, imm5 list12, imm5, sp/imm X XI XII XIII 174 User's Manual U12197EJ6V0UM APPENDIX C INSTRUCTION OPCODE MAP The opcode map for the instruction code is shown in (a) to (i). For the operand conventions, refer to Table 5-10 Remark 1 Operand conventions. Instruction Codes * 16-bit instruction format 15 11 10 54 0 Sub opcode (refer to (b)) Opcode (refer to (a)) * 32-bit instruction format 15 14 13 11 10 54 0 31 27 26 21 20 19 18 17 16 Opcode (refer to (a)) Sub-opcode (refer to (h)) Sub-opcode (refer to (d), (h)) Sub-opcode (refer to (c)) Sub-opcode (refer to (e)) Sub-opcode (refer to (f), (g), (i)) User's Manual U12197EJ6V0UM 175 APPENDIX C INSTRUCTION OPCODE MAP (a) Opcode Bits 6 and 5 Bits 10 to 7 0000 MOV R, r NOP Note 1 00 01 10 JMPNote 4 Note 2 11 Format NOT DIVH SWITCH UndefinedNote 3 I, IV SLD.BUNote 5 SLD.HUNote 6 MULH SXH TST Note 4 0001 SATSUBR ZXB Note 4 SATSUB SXB Note 4 SATADD R, r ZXH Note 4 I 0010 OR XOR AND I 0011 SUBR SUB ADD R, r CMP R, r I 0100 MOV imm5, r CALLT Note 4 SATADD imm5, r ADD imm5, r CMP imm5, r II 0101 SHR imm5, r SAR imm5, r SHL imm5, r MULH imm5, r UndefinedNote 4 II 0110 SLD.B IV 0111 SST.B IV 1000 SLD.H IV 1001 SST.H SLD.WNote 7 SST.WNote 7 IV 1010 IV 1011 Bcond III 1100 ADDI MOVEA MOV imm32 R Note 4 MOVHI DISPOSE ANDI SATSUBI Note 4 VI, XIII 1101 ORI XORI LD.HNote 8 LD.W Note 8 MULHI Undefined Note 4 VI 1110 LD.B ST.B Bit manipulation 1Note 9 ST.HNote 8 ST.W Note 8 VII 1111 JR/JARL LD.BU Note 10 LD.HUNote 10 Undefined Note 11 V, VII, VIII, XIII PREPARENote 11 Expansion 1Note 12 Notes 1. If reg1 = r0 and reg2 = r0 (instruction without reg1 and reg2) 2. If reg1 r0 and reg2 = r0 (instruction with reg1 and without reg2) 3. If reg1 = r0 and reg2 r0 (instruction without reg1 and with reg2) 4. If reg2 = r0 (instruction without reg2) 5. If bit4 = 0 and reg2 r0 (instruction with reg2) 176 User's Manual U12197EJ6V0UM APPENDIX C INSTRUCTION OPCODE MAP 6. 7. 8. 9. If bit4 = 1 and reg2 r0 (instruction with reg2) Refer to (b) Refer to (c) Refer to (d) 10. If bit16 = 1 and reg2 r0 (instruction with reg2) 11. If bit16 = 1 and reg2 = r0 (instruction without reg2) 12. Refer to (e) (b) Short format load/store instruction (displacement/sub-opcode) Bit 0 Bits 10 to 7 0110 0111 1000 1001 1010 SLD.W SLD.B SST.B SLD.H SST.H SST.W 0 1 (c) Load/store instruction (displacement/sub-opcode) Bit 16 Bits 6 and 5 00 01 10 11 ST.H LD.H ST.B ST.W LD.B LD.W 0 1 (d) Bit manipulation instruction 1 (sub-opcode) Bit 14 Bit 15 0 1 SET1 CLR 1 NOT1 TST 1 0 1 User's Manual U12197EJ6V0UM 177 APPENDIX C INSTRUCTION OPCODE MAP (e) Extend 1 (sub-opcode) Bits 22 and 21 Bits 26 to 23 0000 0001 0010 SETF SHR TRAP 00 LDSR SAR HALT 01 STSR SHL RETINote 2 CTRETNote 2 Undefined Undefined SASF MUL R, r, w MULU R, r, wNote 4 DIVH DIVHUNote 4 CMOV cccc, imm5, r, w CMOV cccc, R, r, w BSWNote 5 BSHNote 5 HSWNote 5 Illegal Opcode MUL imm9, r, w MULU imm9, r, wNote 4 DIV DIVUNote 4 Undefined 10 11 Undefined Bit manipulation 2Note 1 EINote 3 DINote 3 Undefined Format IX IX X 0011 0100 0101 0110 IX, XI, XII XI XI, XII 0111 to 1111 Notes 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Refer to (f) Refer to (g) Refer to (h) If bit17 = 1 Refer to (i) (g) Return instruction (sub-opcode) Bit 17 Bit 18 0 1 (f) Bit manipulation instruction 2 (sub-opcode) Bit 17 Bit 18 0 1 SET1 CLR1 NOT1 TST1 0 1 0 1 RETI CTRET Undefined (h) PSW operation instruction (sub-opcode) Bits 13 to 11 Bits 15 and 14 00 01 10 11 EI DI Undefined Undefined Undefined Undefined 000 001 010 011 100 101 110 111 178 User's Manual U12197EJ6V0UM APPENDIX C INSTRUCTION OPCODE MAP (i) Endian conversion instruction (sub-opcode) Bit 17 Bit 18 0 1 BSW HSW BSH Undefined 0 1 User's Manual U12197EJ6V0UM 179 APPENDIX D INSTRUCTIONS ADDED TO V850E The instruction codes of the V850E CPU are upwardly compatible with the instruction codes of the V850 CPU at the object code level. In the case of the V850E CPU, instructions that even if executed have no meaning in the case of the V850 CPU (mainly instructions that write to the r0 register) are extended as additional instructions. The following table shows the V850 CPU instructions corresponding to the instruction codes added in the V850E CPU. Refer to this table when switching from products that incorporate the V850 CPU to products that incorporate the V850E CPU. Table D-1. Instructions Added to V850E CPU and V850 CPU Instructions with Same Instruction Code (1/2) Instructions Added in V850E CPU V850 CPU Instructions with Same Instruction Code as V850E CPU MOV imm5, r0 or SATADD imm5, r0 MOVHI imm16, reg1, r0 or SATSUBI imm16, reg1, r0 MOVHI imm16, reg1, r0 or SATSUBI imm16, reg1, r0 MOVEA imm16, reg1, r0 DIVH reg1, r0 SATSUB reg1, r0 MULH reg1, r0 SATSUBR reg1, r0 SATADD reg1, r0 MULH imm5, r0 MULHI imm16, reg1, r0 Illegal instruction CALLT imm6 DISPOSE imm5, list12 DISPOSE imm5, list12 [reg1] MOV imm32, reg1 SWITCH reg1 SXB reg1 SXH reg1 ZXB reg1 ZXH reg1 (RFU) (RFU) BSH reg2, reg3 BSW reg2, reg3 CMOV cccc, imm5, reg2, reg3 CMOV cccc, reg1, reg2, reg3 CTRET DIV reg1, reg2, reg3 DIVH reg1, reg2, reg3 DIVHU reg1, reg2, reg3 DIVU reg1, reg2, reg3 HSW reg2, reg3 MUL imm9, reg2, reg3 MUL reg1, reg2, reg3 MULU reg1, reg2, reg3 MULU imm9, reg2, reg3 SASF cccc, reg2 180 User's Manual U12197EJ6V0UM APPENDIX D INSTRUCTIONS ADDED FOR V850E COMPARED WITH V850 CPU Table D-1. Instructions Added to V850E CPU and V850 CPU Instructions with Same Instruction Code (2/2) Instructions Added in V850E CPU V850 CPU Instructions with Same Instruction Code as V850E CPU Undefined CLR1 reg2, [reg1] LD.BU disp16 [reg1], reg2 LD.HU disp16 [reg1], reg2 NOT1 reg2, [reg1] PREPARE list12, imm5 PREPARE list12, imm5, sp/imm SET1 reg2, [reg1] SLD.BU disp4 [ep], reg2 SLD.HU disp5 [ep], reg2 TST1 reg2, [reg1] User's Manual U12197EJ6V0UM 181 APPENDIX E INDEX [A] Add (ADD) .............................................................. 51 Add immediate (ADDI) ........................................... 52 Address space ....................................................... 31 Addressing mode ................................................... 33 And (AND) ........................................................ 48, 53 AND immediate (ANDI) ......................................... 54 Arithmetic operation instruction ...................... 43, 147 arithmetically shift right by ...................................... 48 [B] Based addressing .................................................. 36 bbb ......................................................................... 49 BC .......................................................................... 56 BE .......................................................................... 56 BGE ....................................................................... 56 BGT ........................................................................ 56 BH .......................................................................... 56 Bit ..................................................................... 29, 30 Bit addressing ........................................................ 38 Bit manipulation instruction ............................ 46, 151 bit#3 ....................................................................... 47 BL ........................................................................... 56 BLE ........................................................................ 56 BLT ........................................................................ 56 BN .......................................................................... 56 BNC ....................................................................... 56 BNE ........................................................................ 56 BNH ....................................................................... 56 BNL ........................................................................ 56 BNV ........................................................................ 56 BNZ ........................................................................ 56 BP .......................................................................... 56 BR ......................................................................... 56 Branch instruction .......................................... 45, 149 Branch on condition code (Bcond) ......................... 55 BSA ........................................................................ 56 BV .......................................................................... 56 Byte .................................................................. 28, 48 Byte swap half-word (BSH) .................................... 57 Byte swap word (BSW) .......................................... 58 BZ .......................................................................... 56 [C] Call with table look up (CALLT) ............................. 59 CALLT base pointer (CTBP) ............................ 26, 27 CALLT caller status saving register .................. 26, 27 cccc .................................................................. 47, 49 Clear bit (CLR1) .................................................... 60 Compare (CMP) ..................................................... 62 Conditional branch instruction .............................. 149 Conditional move (CMOV) ..................................... 61 CPU configuration .................................................. 17 CTPC ............................................................... 26, 27 CTPSW ............................................................ 26, 27 CY .......................................................................... 25 [D] d ............................................................................. 49 Data alignment ...................................................... 30 Data format ............................................................ 28 Data representation ............................................... 29 Data type ............................................................... 28 Data type and addressing ...................................... 28 DBPC ............................................................... 26, 27 DBPSW ........................................................... 26, 27 Disable interrupt (DI) ............................................. 64 Disp ..................................................................... 47 Divide half-word (DIVH) ......................................... 68 Divide half-word unsigned (DIVHU) ....................... 70 Divide instruction ................................................. 148 Divide word (DIV) .................................................. 67 Divide word unsigned (DIVU) ................................ 71 [E] ECR .................................................................. 24, 27 EICC ...................................................................... 24 EIPC ................................................................ 23, 27 EIPSW ............................................................. 23, 27 Enable interrupt (EI) .............................................. 72 EP .......................................................................... 25 ep ........................................................................... 47 Exception cause register (ECR) ..................... 24, 27 Exception processing .......................................... 137 Exception trap ...................................................... 138 Exclusive OR (XOR) ...................................... 48, 124 Exclusive OR immediate (XORI) ......................... 125 [F] FECC ..................................................................... 24 FEPC ............................................................... 24, 27 FEPSW ............................................................ 24, 27 Format I ................................................................. 39 Format II ................................................................ 39 Format III ............................................................... 39 Format IV ............................................................... 40 Format IX ............................................................... 41 Format V ................................................................ 40 Format VI ............................................................... 40 Format VII .............................................................. 40 Format VIII ............................................................. 41 Format X ................................................................ 41 Format XI ............................................................... 41 Format XII .............................................................. 41 Format XIII ............................................................. 42 Function dispose (DISPOSE) ................................ 65 182 User's Manual U12197EJ6V0UM APPENDIX E INDEX Function prepare (PREPARE) ............................... 93 [G] General-purpose register ....................................... 20 GR [ ] ..................................................................... 48 [H] Half-word ......................................................... 28, 48 Half-word swap word (HSW) .................................. 74 Halt (HALT) ............................................................ 73 [I] i .............................................................................. 49 ID ........................................................................... 25 ILGOP caller status saving register ...................... 26 imm ...................................................................... 47 Immediate addressing ........................................... 36 Initializing ............................................................. 140 Instruction added for V850E ................................ 180 Instruction address ................................................ 33 Instruction format ................................................... 39 Instruction list ....................................................... 171 Instruction mnemonic ........................................... 158 Instruction opcode map ....................................... 175 Instruction set ........................................................ 47 Integer .................................................................... 29 Interrupt and exception ........................................ 133 Interrupt servicing ................................................ 134 Interrupt status saving register .............................. 23 Interrupt/exception code ...................................... 134 Introduction ............................................................ 14 [J] Jump and register link (JARL) ............................... 75 Jump register (JMP) ............................................... 76 Jump relative (JR) .................................................. 77 Jump with table look up (SWITCH) ...................... 118 [L] L ............................................................................. 49 list ........................................................................ 47 Load (LD) ............................................................... 78 Load instructions .................................................. 146 Load to system register (LDSR) ............................. 80 Load/store instructions ........................................... 43 Load-memory (a, b) ............................................... 48 Load-memory-bit (a, b) ......................................... 48 Logical operation instruction .......................... 44, 148 logically shift left by ................................................ 48 logically shift right by .............................................. 48 [M] Maskable interrupt ............................................... 134 Memory map .......................................................... 32 Move (MOV) ........................................................... 81 Move effective address (MOVEA) .......................... 82 Move high half-word (MOVHI) ............................... 83 Multiply half-word (MULH) ..................................... 85 Multiply half-word immediate (MULHI) .................. 86 Multiply instruction ............................................... 147 Multiply word (MUL) ............................................... 84 Multiply word unsigned (MULU) ............................ 87 [N] NMI status saving registers ................................... 24 No operation (NOP) ............................................... 88 Non-blocking load/store........................................ 142 Non-maskable interrupt ....................................... 136 Not (NOT) .............................................................. 89 Not bit (NOT1) ....................................................... 90 NP ......................................................................... 25 Number of instruction execution clock cycles ...... 128 [O] Operand address ................................................... 36 OR (OR) ........................................................... 48, 91 OR immediate (ORI) ............................................. 92 Outline of instruction .............................................. 43 OV ......................................................................... 25 [P] PC relative ............................................................. 33 Pipeline ................................................................ 141 Pipeline operation with branch instruction............ 143 Product development ........................................... 16 Program counter (PC) ........................................... 22 Program register .................................................... 20 Program register set .............................................. 20 Program status word (PSW) .................................. 24 [R] R ............................................................................ 49 r ............................................................................. 49 r0 to r31 ................................................................. 22 reg1 ....................................................................... 47 reg2 ....................................................................... 47 reg3 ....................................................................... 47 regID ...................................................................... 47 Register addressing ....................................... 35, 36 Register indirect branch instruction ..................... 150 Relative addressing ............................................... 33 Reset ................................................................... 140 Restoring from interrupt/exception ...................... 139 Result .................................................................... 48 Return from CALLT (CTRET) ................................ 63 Return from trap or interrupt (RETI) ...................... 95 [S] S ............................................................................ SAT ....................................................................... Saturated (n) ........................................................ Saturation add (SATADD) ..................................... 25 25 48 99 User's Manual U12197EJ6V0UM 183 APPENDIX E INDEX Saturated operation instruction ........................ 44, 48 Saturated subtract (SATSUB) .............................. 100 Saturated subtract immediate (SATSUBI) ........... 101 Saturated subtract reverse (SATSUBR) .............. 102 Set bit (SET1) ...................................................... 105 Set flag condition (SETF) ..................................... 103 Shift and set flag condition (SASF) ........................ 98 Shift arithmetic right (SAR) .................................... 97 Shift logical left (SHL) .......................................... 106 Shift logical right (SHR) ........................................ 107 Short load (SLD) ...................................................108 Sign extend byte (SXB) ........................................ 119 Sign extend half-word (SXH) ............................... 120 Sign-extend (n) ...................................................... 48 Software exception .............................................. 137 Software trap (TRAP) ............................................121 Special instruction .......................................... 46, 152 SR [ ] ...................................................................... 48 Starting up ............................................................ 140 Store (SST) .......................................................... 111 Store (ST) ............................................................ 113 Store contents of system register (STSR) ........... 115 Store instruction ................................................... 146 Store-memory (a, b, c) ........................................... 48 Store-memory-bit (a, b, c) ..................................... 48 Subtract (SUB) ..................................................... 116 Subtract reverse (SUBR) ..................................... 117 System register ...................................................... 23 System register number ......................................... 27 [T] Table indirect branch instruction .......................... Table indirect call instruction ............................... Test (TST) ............................................................ Test bit (TST1) ..................................................... 150 150 122 123 [U] Unconditional branch instruction .......................... 149 Unsigned integer .................................................... 30 [V] Vector ..................................................................... 47 [W] w ............................................................................ 49 Word (WORD) .................................................. 29, 48 [Z] Z ............................................................................. 25 Zero extend byte (ZXB) ........................................ 126 zero-extend half-word (ZXH)................................. 127 Zero-extend (n) ...................................................... 48 184 User's Manual U12197EJ6V0UM APPENDIX F REVISION HISTORY The history of revisions up to this edition is shown below. "Applied to:" indicates the chapters to which the revision was applied. Edition 5th edition Contents Addition of V850E/MS2 (PD703130) Modification of description in 1.3 Product Development Modification of description in Figure 1-1 V850 Family Lineup Addition of description in 1.4 CPU Configuration Addition of description of HALT instruction in 5.3 Instruction Set Addition of description of LD instruction in 5.3 Instruction Set Addition of description of SLD instruction in 5.3 Instruction Set Addition of 8.4 Pipeline Disorder Modification of description in APPENDIX C INSTRUCTION OPCODE MAP Addition of description in APPENDIX C (h) PSW operation instruction (subopcode) 6th edition Modification of description of CLR1 instruction in 5.3 Instruction Set Modification of description of NOT1 instruction in 5.3 Instruction Set Modification of description of SET1 instruction in 5.3 Instruction Set Modification of description of SLD1 instruction in 5.3 Instruction Set Addition of description of SST instruction in 5.3 Instruction Set Addition of APPENDIX F REVISION HISTORY APPENDIX F REVISION HISTORY CHAPTER 8 PIPELINE APPENDIX C INSTRUCTION OPCODE MAP CHAPTER 5 INSTRUCTIONS Applied to: Throughout CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 5 INSTRUCTIONS User's Manual U12197EJ6V0UM 185 |
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